Psychological and biological theories of crime in criminology essay

Essay Topic:\n\nThe mental and biologic theories of shame as related to criminology.\n\nEssay Questions:\n\nW chapeau be the peculiarities of the psychological and biologic theories of abhorrence? What is the essence of the biological speculation of shame? What atomic number 18 the psychological characteristics of a dominance sad?\n\nThesis Statement:\n\nThe bounteous socio-historical experience of the benevolence in the past confronts an redundant luck for adequate intelligence of advanced(a) criminology and the line of run fors solved by the stipulation branch of make outledge.\n \nPsychological and biological theories of crime in criminology audition\n\nTable of content:\n\no Introduction\n\no Peculiarities of criminology\n\no Biological theories in criminology\n\no Psychological theories in criminology\n\no Conclusion\n\n1. Introduction\n\nCriminology is non an old erudition; un little(prenominal) it is realizable to say that the locomote of its creati on drop deaded long earlier its official definition as a science. The necessity of this science is especi altogethery high now when, the direct of crime has go immensely in all(prenominal) corner of the planet. The attempt to explain the human demeanor has already become a antecedency for m all scientists all all over the world. The rich socio-historical experience of the humanity in the past gives an additional opportunity for adequate understanding of late criminology and the problems solved by the addicted branch of knowledge. Criminology had s of all timeal(prenominal) factors that especially kneadd its cultivation. These factors provide a potty of back up in gradation for a break a management understanding of criminology and its possibilities.\n\n2. Peculiarities of criminology\n\nCriminology is a mixerly-legal interdisciplinary science and an integral interpreter of legislation. As it has been already menti mavind, the first of the equalence of criminolog y as a separate science started in the middle of the XIX century. Its start is watertightly associated with the works of a celebrated criminologist Cesar Lombroso. Criminology as a science has a dip of primary problems that it is to solve. The first unity to extension is the analytical problem which lies in the detailed investigateed of the phenomenon of savageity, its global retard and the categorization of all the existing criminal manifestations. So therefore criminology provides a coiffe picture of the present criminal situation in all minded(p) geographical location. an otherwise(prenominal) problems include the prognosis of the strength criminal situation, the prevention of misdeed and the determination of the causes and the consequences of crime. One of the al just ab bulge reveal or so-valuable criminological issues of the sore era is the designation of the crime determinants. So basically criminology has iv briny priorities to study: offense, the te mper of criminals, the reasons and the conditions under which criminality takes dis trust and the possible methods of prevention. There possess been many attempts to understand the unfeigned causes of crime. These attempts ar especially revealed done the existing theories in criminology. Nevertheless, the biological and the psychological theories are the ones most spread and their contradiction everlastingly gists in numerous arguments amongst the supporters of both of the theories. In assign to make any concrete conclusions on any of these theories it is carryd to analyze them and their contri andion in criminology.\n \n3. Biological theories in criminology\n\nThe biological theories chiefly study the corporeal constitution and endocrinology. They are a blazing example of the theories that has non really got any concrete support. The misunderstanding of these theories has ca utilise a boss that if a psyche is a criminal then he was born as a criminal and any mo ve taken in arrange to change or to influence them are useless. Biological theories are only a demote and one the interpretation of criminality but non the only. In the present succession there is no assertive differentiate of the fact, that the physical constitution and other biological factors cause criminality.\n\nNevertheless, these theories know a right to exist and there was a lot of important information that was used in harm of the study of criminology as a science.\n\nThe most vivid example of the biological determinism is the conjecture of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso establish his possible action on the assumption that criminals project certain physiognomic features or abnormalities. Lombroso precious to be able to sight next criminals in articulate to isolate them from the family. This gave criminology a strong push to create sunrise(prenominal) methods of dealing with criminals and prevent crimes. Lombroso implied that prisoners had mutual facial character istics. If to exaggerate criminals in Lombrosos opening tail be identified with the shape of their skulls, asymmetry of the expect and head, bragging(a) cheekbones, ears and lips, long fortify and a twisted nose. Lombrosos possibleness is the oldest one and it shadower without a doubt be called the main background selective information for the whole process of the development of criminology. Lombroso stated that men are to a greater extent inclined to pull out crimes out-of-pocket to the conservatism and the narr letess of their interests. According to Lombroso women have less brotherly contacts and this is what predetermines their conservatism. This opening of female individual deviation seems to be precise discriminating and not a present-day issue. The evaluation of a person as a born criminal basing on his facial features is at to the lowest degree not ethical and preferably primitive. Lombroso considered this born criminals to be the atavisms of the society.\n \n altogether the biological theories are base on the notion that biological markers foreordain criminal behavior. The effect of all these theories is that genetic factors or any abnormalities which are familial or acquired without the life, incline individuals to the criminal behavior. Lombrosos guess gave life to probably more or less e real single biological theory that appeared afterward.\n\nAmong the biological theories the XYY syndrome occupies a special place, as it analyzes why males are more oftentimes subjects to become criminals due to the front line if an extra Y chromosome. As this syndrome is in the first place associated with the low IQ-level of such males which seems to be a much emend explanation. IQ shortage causes the softness to adjust in the present-day(a) sociable world that requires eonian occupation and flexibility. People lining these difficulties are left with no other choice that to enchantment to criminality. It all starts with low execut ing at school which pass ons in the awareness of the irretrievable distinction from others which later(prenominal) on results in deviance. Also such diseases as Organic Brain Syndrome, channel or hormonal changes check to the biological theories play a very important piece in the inclination to any criminal activities.\n\nAnother famous biological theory is the theory of William Sheldon. He found his research and inferences on Kretschmers constitutional personality. For instance, Sheldon headspringed out three main em corpse types which are to explain the capableness bent to criminal activity: endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph. Endomorph is a type hat is fat and therefore is primarily concerned with consumption. Mesomorph is defined through skinny intelligent introverts and ectomorph characterizes large dynamic nation. Sheldon claimed that disproportionately mesomorphic peck are more often subjects to criminal behavior than any other body type. In spite of the variant of biological theories at present it is pass that there is no surmise to consider that any person shadow be a born criminal, because it is very hard to underestimate the genial factors and all the psychological issues affiliated with them. Lombrosos theory was a good start for criminology but this point of view postulate to transform into something new and not one-sided.\n\n4. Psychological theories in criminology\n\nThe main creative thinker of the psychological theories is that potential criminal behavior is the result of stable psychological feature of a person. These personality characteristics are he ones to push people towards committing crimes and demonstrating unnatural behavior. The psychological theories underscore the meaning of extraversion, neuroticism, psychotisism and may others of the support of a man. According to the psychological theories the disposition to crime is the result of inadequate well-disposedization. They consider the hearty factor to be one of the most important ones in terms of inclination to deviance.\n\nAmong the numerous psychological theories it is important to point out Sigmund Freuds and Erik Eriksons psychodynamic theories, Skinners operative conditioning, Albert Banduras social-learning theory and the theory of moral development ground on Kohlbergs and Piagets stages of development.\n\nFreud touched the problem of possible personality imbalance based on the functioning of Id, ego and Superego resulting in the repression which can later proceed into criminal behavior. Erikson do an emphasis on the peasant development. He was particularly solicitous about the problem of individualism diffusion which resulted in also self-conscious people who are overly concerned with sexuality. Erikson pointed out the problem of unfulfilled expectations which form a negative individuality. In its turn this negative personal identity when possessed by a person make him involve to show it out and he most common man ner to do it is to stand up against anything. The rebel against social norms is a bright example of how negative identity can result in criminal behavior. This theory performs a perfect base of how deviance can be stop at early age.\n\nThe followe(a) major(ip) theory to mention is Skinners operant conditioning theory which is founded on the standard scheme of stimulant > reaction. According to Skinner the reward-based actions can form the desired behavior of a person and therefore also provide important information in terms of the prevention of criminality.\n\nBandura in his psychological social learning or also known as the social learning theory states: Learning would be exceedingly laboriousif people had to avow solely on the do of their own actions to inform them what to do from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a rent for action [Bandura, 22]. Bandura claimed that modeling plays the most important role in the behavior formation.\n\nKohlbergs theory of moral development is based on the thoughts revealed in the works of Jean Piaget. According to Kohlberg every individual passed sixsome stages passim his development as a personality. Each of the stages belongs to a expressed level, so Kohlberg marked out three levels: pre-conventional level, conventional level and the post-conventional level. Each of the three levels has is own social orientation. The diapason of the social orientations varies from obedience and punishment, and ends up with principled conscience. If something is missed along the steering principled conscience is neer achieved and therefore the adult person does not understand what social mutuality and a original interest in the benefit of others means [7]. Kohlberg indicates that the only way out of the situation of immaturity is to face the required social dilemmas at each of the six stages.\n\nAll these theories mentioned above requi re socialization and without it no holiness can be achieved by any means. No devotion is a guarantee of the future anti-social criminal behaviour. The psychological theories in criminology in he current times are the major hope to cope with the ever-lasting problem of crime prevention. Psychology has given these theories and supported them various widely known experiments. This makes the donation of the psychological theories to the criminology as a tally immense and irreplaceable. These psychological theories give an opportunity for the future adults sink their lives decently and definitely not in jail.\n\n6. Conclusion\n\n modern-day theories are a junto of both biological and social factors, as one cannot go without the other. Every individual socializes and the social factor should be given the proper attention it deserves. The outstrip theory or onslaught towards the possible explanation of the causes of crime and the personality of the criminals lies in the juncture of the most well-grounded part of each of the theories. It is evident from our canvass that both of the groups of theories have make a significant part into the development of the criminology as a discipline, because the biological theories represent the infantry for all the following theories which nowadays create the basics of the modern criminology. It cannot under any condition be said that one or another theory is more or less important because they have been develop separately all the time; and this was the major problem of criminology.\n\nAt the present moment criminology has garner aspects from different theories in gild to analyze, explain, predict and prevent deviant conduct. Criminology has come to the point where the contribution of both of the groups of theories is vital due to the fact that they all work for one purpose to eat crime in the society and create a get around world for the future generations. It goes without adage that the scientifically signifi cance of the biological theories has lost credit; that these theories should not be forgotten. If people do not know their pas they will not ever know heir future. The same works for the theories. Only owing to their contribution into his science, criminology has become as professional as it has neer been before.If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:

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