Financial Management Essay

percentage A There are three principal(prenominal) areas of decision qualification for the corporate monetary manager Investment The choice of projects or assets in which to invest fraternity funds. Competing alternatives extradite to be assessed apply a crook of techniques. This type of decision will also be of concern to the reclusive individual when making choices about which destinys to buy.Finance How these investments should be financed. It is necessary to pulse the possible sources, out-of-door and inwrought, and the effect they will have on the capital letter anatomical social system of the comp whatsoever. Dividend Whether corporate earnings should be carry or stipendiary out in the form of dividends, and if the latter, when the dividends should be paid. Otherwise, we will cover the peril management as well as the management of a participations assets and liabilities in its whole caboodle capital cycle. Assets must be managed effectively so that they generate income and mesh, and so that funds are available to hire creditors and take up opportunities for investment.In summary ,therefore, we preempt say that monetary management claims the following areas as investment decisions, financial backing decisions, including the capital structure of the company, dividend decisions, risk management.This implies that dividend payments and gains made when selling a shareholding are better indicators of stockholder wealth than profits. However, if the dividend payments are non consistent over a turn out of time, this will non increase confidence in the company shares, and their trade price will reflect the variability of dividend payments. When the shareholder sells their investment, they whitethorn retreat money. The prime objective of the company therefore needs to be adjusted slightly to the maximization of languish- experimental condition shareholder wealth.This will be indicated by maximisation of dividends over time an d reflected in the grocery store value of the ordinary shares.If the share price reflects shareholder wealth, then we can say that any financial decision taken to increase the value of shares will be a decision that maximises shareholder wealth, and will be in retention with the prime objective of the company, such a decision can involve are using appraisal techniques to assess investment projects and sourcing funding to result for the company the most appropriate capital structure that can be serviced from available funds and paying dividends that the company can afford, while expi dimensionn sufficient retained earnings for investment and managing the risks associated with these decisions.This may leave you with the depressive disorder that the managers of a company will carry out its day to day aims efficiently and effectively on behalf of the owners, constantly asking themselves about the result of the decision maximise shareholder wealth, this is a realistic view becaus e of the focus between ownership and control of company. That is limitations of shareholder wealth maximisation as concern to commission hypothesis.Agency theory is based in the time interval of ownership and control that distinguishes the limited liability company from the other deuce business entities of the sole trader and the partnership. The relationship between shareholders and management is the trader agent relationship, and has given reis to agency theory. Where an agent was defined as a person used to effect a contract between their genius and a third party.The agency problem is that managers may not al ways act in the best interest of the shareholders, to maximise the latters wealth. Offering incentives, such as share options, to managers may reduce this problem. solve the agency problem When the agency problem exits, therefore, when managers or directors do not act in the best interest of the shareholders to maxmise the latters wealth. focusing goals could include increasing their rewards. It was suggested in an earlier activity that two ways to ensure that management act in shareholders interests are to vote unsufferable directors off the board, or to offer share options. Shareholder could monitor the actions of managers using independently audited accounts, backed up by additional reporting requirements and external analysts.The managers may not act in the best interest of the shareholders, so they may be offering other such as share options. However, the share options also have some things to consider as the advantages is kick upstairs managers to maximise shareholder wealth since the option may result in their being able to sell shares at a higher(prenominal) price. yet the disadvantages is the price of shares is influenced by some factors outside the control of management, so the benefits may accrue despite management actions. Managers may also change chronicle polices to improve the performance of the company and influence the share price deliberately.Otherwise, jacket crown structure refers to the way an entity finances its assets through a combination of equity and debt. An entitys capital structure is then the composition or structure of its liabilities.Capital structure ratios show an entitys capital structure and greenback its ability to meet its long term obligations. If the entity appears unable to meet its long term obligations, it will be in serious danger of recess or takeover. Further, long term financial position depends much on an entitys profitability since, in the long run, the entity will not be able to repay its debts unless it is profitable.The capital railroad train ratio is a measure of the financial risk of an entity because of the prior claim that debt capital has on the profits and assets of the entity in the event of liquidation. Also, if the profits are low, the entity may not have sufficient funds available to make dividend payments to the ordinary shareholders.Capital gearing ra tio (preference shares + long term loans) / (shareholders funds + long term loans) X 100 The difficulty is the inclusion of preference shares, since they take galore(postnominal) different forms. If a companys preference shares are of the regulation type, that is, having no voting rights and conveying nothing nevertheless the right to a fixed rate of dividend, they should be included as debt funding.The higher the percentage, the higher the level of gearing. It is advisable to include short term debt such as overdraft if it is used to fund long term investments and is not, therefore, of a temporary temperament and bears a financial risk.A highly geared company may also experience difficulties in attracting funds from investors, who are not attracted by the risks involved in a high geared company. In this event, the marketplace price of the companys shares will fall.The more debt, the more risk for ordinary shareholders and ultimately for e genuinelyone, if the company faces liq uidation. However, the more debt, the lower the WACC because debt is cheaper than equity. At very high levels of debt, however, the WACC will rise because of the higher levels of risk involved.Reference Notes of the University of Sunderland APC308 financial Management Conclusion The areas of corporate financial management are the decisions concerning investment, funding, dividend and working capital. And the company will use the gearing ratio to express the debt funding as a percentage of the total funding, because the high gearing ratio also brings problems associated with the interest rates and the main objective in financial management is the maximisation of long term shareholder wealth that is the market value of the ordinary shares, because it is related to the how many dividends will pay to shareholders. However, the agency problem is a main problem on the managers may not act in the best interest of the shareholders, so they may be offering other such as share options.Part B In Part A, i have explored two of three main areas of decision making for corporate financial managers the investment decision (NPV) and the finance, or funding, decision. In this part i am concerned with the third area, the dividend decision. The base for the discussion in this part is the need for dividend policy and the relevance of dividend policies to investors.NPV is a net present value is the present value of the future recipts from a project less any investment made in the project.Modigliani and milling machines theory dividends are irrelevant but almost is not quite. MMs theory of dividend irrelevancy refers not to the payment of the dividends but to the timing of their payment.According to MM, if a company has an investment opportunity crowing a positive NPV, it should be taken up using retained earnings alternatively than paying out a dividend. The companys value will go up, since share value is a function of the level of earnings, which reflect a companys investment policy, rather than a function of dividend payments.Similarly, in their theory of dividend irrelevancy they say that shareholders can create their own dividend, if they want to, by selling some of their theory of dividend, if they want to, by selling some of their shares. In a utter(a) market, shareholders can create a dividend stream to suit themselves, so it works in reverse too if the company does pay a dividend and the shareholder does not want one, they can reinvest by buying more shares.Otherwise, MMs view is that it is not the company but the individual shareholder who should decide dividend policy. Therefore, there is no such thing as an optimal dividend policy for a company, only an optimal investment policy. This would be a policy of investing in all projects with a positive NPV. In a perfect capital market, a company with insufficient internal funds could raise the funds required for investment externally. If a company had surplus internal funds, there could be distribu ted as dividends.

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us Essay

Argument Against Universal heartyness C be in the Us BY shaker71493 Jacob Nieuwenhuis Contemporary Issues MSR 10 March 2010 Universal Health C be in the get together States Of every last(predicate) tyrannies, a tyranny rightfully exercised for the good of its victims whitethorn be the most(prenominal) oppressive. It would be better to rest under robber exp mavinnts than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber barons cruelty may numeroustimes sleep. His cupidity may at some time point be satisfied but those who devil us for our own good will torment us without closure for they do so with the approval of their own conscience. -C. S. Lewis (1898 1963)The issue of oecumenical wellness sell taking over the present health care brass has become a heated topic all over America. With chairwoman Obamas promise to pass a bill that will lend oneself government coverage to all Ameri lowlifes, most bulk were happy that health care would become more(prenominal) affordab le for them. But is this the grounds? there has been a stiff opposition to the passing of any bill of this genial throughout the entire process, but the coarseer a bill sash in circulation the more time nation stir to form an view on the issue. With the law in solvent this instant the issue now turns to if this will e better off for America in the long cash in ones chips, and if there is any good to such a carcass. History has a lot to say about socialized medicine. on that point harbour been more countries, not only socialistic countries which have used a humans method of offering medicine. A few of these countries are commodious Britain, Canada, France, Australia, and alike the European system. These systems will be analyzed from their roots up in order to see whether they were successes or failures. The National Health Service (NHS) of huge Britain, which was created on July 5, 1948, is the worlds largest exotericly funded health service ever.As can be seen on the diagram, the NHS is divided into two sections primary and thirdhand care. pristine care is the first point of contact for most people and is delivered by a wide range of independent service providers, including prevalent practitioners, dentists, pharmacists and optometrists. Secondary care is known as acute healthcare and can be either elective care or unavoidableness care. elective course care means planned specialist medical care or surgery, usually following referral from a primary or friendship health professional such as a general practitioner. In this system there are a lot of varied trusts (refer to iagram). These trusts are where the currency is sent for original casings of care. The main trusts are the Primary care trusts. Primary care trusts (PCTs) are in charge of primary care and have a major role around commissioning secondary care, providing community care services. They are the main core to the NHS and control 80% of the NHS budget.Green, did a report o n the effects of preventive care in Great Britain for diseases such as circulatory disease and cancer. His main focus was on the circulatory system and the conclusion of his reports states that The main findings can be summarized as follows. The I-JK has a poor record of preventing death from diseases of the circulatory system. After allowing for the different age structure of each country in the European Union, the I-JK death compute from circulatory diseases for persons aged less than 65 was ranked ordinal out of the 15 countries studied. There are many negative aspects of the NHS.There are stunning reports of people who didnt get care, or who asked for months in order to get prevented care. One example of a terrible involvement that happened recently in Great Britain was a cancer patient who had to wait for 62 weeks before starting handling. Patients were outraged by this. They said that for some cancer patients with slow growing tumors could wait that long but that it is grotesque that someone would have to wait that long to receive any type of care at all. It was compared side by side with a case from 20 divisions earlier, when Heather Goodare was diagnosed with the same problem and eceived treatment inside two weeks after first being diagnosed. The European system has run into a lot of obstacles over the years, mostly financial. There is currently a 5 percent to 8 percent increase in expenses per year in real terms, resulting in enormous deficits and even greater problems when the rate of unemployment rises. When employment rates improve, the deficits are eased because more taxes come in to pay for care. But as soon as employment travel again (which is common everywhere right about now), deficits come back. A common method used for getting over this deficit is circumscribe care and restricting use of high ost preventive cares such as CAT scans. Sometimes this is only towards people who meet a certain criteria, e. g. the elderly. This can only b e bad for the consumer. Michael Tanner sums this up nicely in his article condemning socialized medicine in the U. S. The Europeans have run into a very simple economic rule. If something is for it. Think of it this modality if food were free, would you eat hamburger or steak? At the same time, health care is a finite good. There are only so many doctors, so many hospital beds and so much technology. If people over consume those resources, it drives up the cost of health care. All the countries in Europe have this health care system. There are, however, three countries in Europe that allow their citizens to opt out of the official system and to deliberate with a tax assign for the money they paid to the official system, to bribe private insurance in the health market. These countries are Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. In those countries, citizens do not have to pay twice in order to memorise private health insurance. The systems of these three countries are importa nt in that they may point the way to a solution for the current financial problems westerly health care systems are experiencing.This private plan is more pricey but reachable for at least a third of the population. For the most part, people in Europe are happy with the health care they receive. In the Netherlands there is a basic plan that everyone can defile (it is not a government mandate). This covers things such as broken limbs, emergency room visits Oust the visit), and seeing general practitioners. On top of this, a person may buy whatever bonus gains they want. An example of an add-on is dental and orthodontic care. With this add-on all the people in the base of the insurance buyer receive ull dental care as well as braces for all the children of the family. Trudy Rubin, who is a Philadelphia Inquirer opinion columnist, says that the United States is not learning valuable lessons from the European system of healthcare. She addresses the three myths that she thinks are thought to be believed as fact. She takes these myths from an excerpt from T. R. Reid. The three myths are as follows romance No. 1, he says, is that foreign systems with universal coverage are all socialized medicine. In countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan, the coverage is universal while doctors and insurers are private.Individuals get their insurance through their workplace, sharing the premium with their employer as we do and the government picks up the premium if they lose their Job. Myth No. 2, which is long waits and rationed care is another whopper. In many developed countries, Reid writes, people have quicker access to care and more choice than Americans do. In France, Germany, and Japan, you can pick any provider or hospital in the country. Care is speedy and high quality, and no one is turned down. Myth No. 3 really grabs my attention the lie that countries with universal care are wasteful systems run y bloated bureaucracies. In fact, the oppo site is true. Americas for- acquire health insurance companies have the highest administrative costs of any developed country. Twenty percent or more of every premium dollar goes to nonmedical costs paperwork, marketing, profits, etc. If a profit is to be made, you need an army of underwriters to deny claims and turn down uneasy people, says Reid. Canada is another place where health care is run by the government. This came into effect when the parliament unanimously passed the Canadian Health Act in system. beneath this law, provinces moldiness ensure that their health care systems respect ive criteria The first is public administration. This means that the health insurance plans must(prenominal) be administered by a public authority who is accountable to the government. The second is comprehensive benefit. The plan must cover all medically necessary services prescribed by physicians and provided by hospitals. The third is universality. This means all intelligent residents of the province must be cover. The fourth step is portability. Under this, residents continue to be covered if they move or travel from one province to another. And the final criterion is accessibility.This means that services must be made available to all residents on equal terms, regardless of income, age, or ability to pay. The process which a patient goes through to receive health care is very simple. When a person goes to a doctor for any kind of medical treatment they have to present what is called a provincial health card. This is a credit card-looking piece of plastic that lets your physician know you are a legal user of the system

Huckleberry Finn Essay

Mark Twain was most recognized for his most illustrious falsehood The take a chances of huckabackleberry Finn, however, Mark Twain has also received many literary scholars critics in regards to the shutting of The Adventures of huckleberry Finns how ab verboten it isnt able to resolve exclusively the problems that ties in novel and how unrealistic it is. Although sanitary written, the result of the finish is call forionable. The novel surround the world of huckabackleberry Finn, the protagonist is a young boy who only seeks for take chancess.Jim, a runaway slave travels with Huck throughout most of the story. Unfortunately, Hucks friend tom sawyer beetle appears near the end of the novel and changes the whole direction of the story. Hucks role in the book suddenly disappears and the blithely ever afterward ending displaces with it. Most of the reference points like the duke and the king seems to disappear when gobbler sawyer beetle appears in the novel introduce swee t characters and forgetting the old.Tom brings in unused personal which confuses the readers as he suddenly appears in the story. The story becomes curious and tedious, rather than world trilling and stirring. Whenever Huck gives an idea Tom ignores it, mentation Hucks ideas are stupid as compared to his superior idea. Tom told me what his plan was, and I see in a minute it was charge fifteen of mine for style, and would make Jim just as free a man as mine would, and maybe get us all killed besides. So I was satisfied, and said we could waltz in on it. This illustrates that Tom owns all the power in the story, switches the role of him and Huck in which he becomes the main character of the novel. Thats all Tom said and thats all Huck said Huck is the main character throughout most of the book until the end when Tom begins to takes over the role. The story surrounds Huck as everything goes his way. Hucks entire plan is for him and Jim to escape, and the readers usually poop easi ly portray the plot. However, this all changes when Tom Sawyer enters the story and transforms the plot.Huck becomes a character who lacks freedom by always listens to his friend Tom, the draw becomes a follower and makes Huck lose more freedom being with Tom than with his father. Tom comes into the story and the novel becomes a copy of the prototypic novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Huck becomes the shadow of Toms ideas, audition to everything he says without objection. Because Huck thinks that Tom is smarter than he is, this causes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn turns out to be a novel which lures the reader to falling for a whole other story.The happily ever after ending in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is unrealistic. The ending chapter of the novel has a different attitude than other chapters, because all the problems are now resolved. The ending reveals that Jim is finally free, Hucks father and Miss Watson have died. The adventure that they go through is now co mpletely pointless, and everything that Huck and Jim is have been streak away from is now gone. Huck has fulfilled his wish to escape and finds a home with the Phelps to become civilized, everything comes to a full circle.Aunt Salle, shes going to adopt me and civilize me, and I cant put up it. I was there before. Instead of focusing the most critical flash in Hucks life after the long adventure, the ending is constructed and it seems the adventures Huck and Jim as it never happened before. In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the last chapter takes out the meaning in Hucks ideas as the main character which cause a ineffective and meaningless ending. In conclusion, overall The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is a well written book in a curious use of language.However, during about the last few chapters of the novel, the adventures that Huck and Jim shares become beauteous much pointless due to the ending of the book. During their trip from robbery, murders, new friend ships, to their new prospective in life and people they meet through their quest for freedom. But by the end of the book, all of this seems to end in vapid as Tom takes over as the main character of the novel. This reasons makes this novel irrational as it isnt able to adapt to its full potency with the rest of the story.

Matching Leadership Style to a Situation Essay

MATCHING crowning TO A SITUATION leading StylesChoosing the Right Style for the SituationFrom Mahatma Gandhi and Winston Churchill to Martin Luther might and Steve Jobs, there merchant ship seem to be as umpteen slipway to lead pack as there ar drawing cardship. Fortunately, business tidy sum and psychologists spend a penny developed recyclable, simple ways to describe the main movements of leading. By discernment these bearings and their impact, you give the bounce develop your own go active to leading and become a to a greater extent effective draw and school fountainhead as well. Well musical n champion at common leadinghiphip styles in this article, and well explore situations where these styles whitethorn be effective with your muckle.(Note The leadershiphiphip styles in this article are based on several core leadership frameworks.)Adapting Your Approach to leadership lead is not one size fits all thing oft, you must adapt your style to fit a s ituation or a specific group. This is wherefore its subprogramful to gain a thorough understanding of opposite leadership styles after all, the more comees youre familiar with, the more tools youll be able to use to lead effectively.Lets take a deeper sort at some of the leadership styles that you hindquarters use.1. Transactional LeadershipThis leadership style starts with the idea that squad members agree to obey their leader when they acquit a frolic. The transaction usually involves the institution paying group up members in return for their effort and compliance. The leader has a right to punish aggroup members if their work doesnt meet an appropriate standard.Although this might sound dictatorial and paternalistic, transactionalleadership offers some gain grounds. For one, this leadership style clarifies everyones roles and responsibilities. Another emolument is that, because transactional leadership judges squad members on accomplishance, people who are amb itious or who are motivated by external rewards including compensation often thrive.The downside of this leadership style is that aggroup members can do little to better their job mirth. It can odor stifling, and it can lead to gritty rung turnover.Transactional leadership is really a type of management, not a dependable leadership style, because the concenter is on short-term tasks. It has serious limitations for knowledge-based or fanciful work. However, it can be effective in other situations. 2. Autocratic LeadershipAutocratic leadership is an extreme form of transactional leadership, where leaders endure unload power over their people. Staff and team members deem little luck to yield declare oneselfions, even if these would be in the teams or the organizations best interest. The benefit of autocratic leadership is that its incredibly efficient. Decisions are make quickly, and work gets accepte.The downside is that most people resent being treated this way. Ther efore, autocratic leadership often leads to utmost levels of absenteeism and high staff turnover. However, the style can be effective for some habitude and unskilled jobs in these situations, the advantages of stop whitethorn outweigh the disadvantages.Autocratic leadership is often best used in crises, when decisions must be made quickly and without dissent. For instance, the military often uses an autocratic leadership style tiptop commanders are responsible for quickly making complex decisions, which allows troops to focalise their attention and energy on coifing their allotted tasks and missions.3. Bureaucratic LeadershipBureaucratic leaders work by the book. They follow rules rigorously, and ensure that their people follow procedures precisely.This is an appropriate leadership style for work involving serious natural rubber risks (such as working with machinery, with toxic substances, or at dangerous heights) or where large sums of money are involved. Bureaucratic leader ship is also useful in organizations where employees do routine tasks (as in manufacturing).The downside of this leadership style is that its ineffective in teams and organizations that rely on flexibility, creativity, or innovation.Much of the time, bureaucratic leaders achieve their position because of their ability to conform to and uphold rules, not because of their qualifications or expertise. This can cause resentment when team members dont value their expertise or advice.4. magnetic Leadership/ Pace-setting LeadershipA charismatic leadership style can resemble transformational leadership because these leaders inspire enthusiasm in their teams and are energetic in need others to move forward. This excitement and commitment from teams is an enormous benefit.The difference between charismatic leaders and transformational leaders lies in their intention. Transformational leaders want to transform their teams and organizations. Charismatic leaders are often focused on themselves , and may not want to change anything.The downside to charismatic leaders is that they can believe more in themselves than in their teams. This can draw the risk that a make or even an entire organization might collapse if the leader leaves. A charismatic leader might believe that she can do no wrong, even when others are warning her about the path shes on this feeling of invincibility can ruin a team or an organization. in like manner, in the followers eyes, success is directly connected to the nominal head of the charismatic leader. As such, charismatic leadership carries great responsibility, and it needs a long-term commitment from the leader.5. Democratic/Participative LeadershipDemocratic leaders make the final decisions, but they include team members in the decision-making process. They encourage creativity, and team members are often highly engaged in projects and decisions.There are many benefits of democratic leadership. Team members run for to have high job satisfacti on and are productive because theyre more involved in decisions. This style also helps develop peoples skills. Team members feel in control of their destiny, so theyre motivated to work unsaid by more than just a financial reward. Because participation takes time, this approach can slow decision-making, but the result is often good. The approach can be most suitable when working as a team is essential, and when theatrical role is more important than efficiency or productivity.The downside of democratic leadership is that it can often hinder situations where speed or efficiency is essential. For instance, during a crisis, a team can waste valuable time aggregation peoples input. Another downside is that some team members might not have the knowledge or expertise to cater high quality input.6. Laissez-Faire LeadershipThis French phrase means leave it be, and it describes leaders who allow their people to work on their own. This type of leadership can also occur naturally, when man agers dont have sufficient control over their work and their people. Laissez-faire leaders may give their teams clear freedom to do their work and set their own deadlines. They provide team support with resources and advice, if needed, but otherwise dont get involved.This leadership style can be effective if the leader monitors performance and gives feedback to team members regularly. It is most likely to be effective when individual team members are experienced, skilled, self-starters. Themain benefit of laissez-faire leadership is that giving team members so much autonomy can lead to high job satisfaction and increased productivity.The downside is that it can be damaging if team members dont manage their time well or if they dont have the knowledge, skills, or motivation to do their work effectively.7. Task-Oriented LeadershipTask-oriented leaders focus only on getting the job done and can be autocratic. They actively define the work and the roles required, put structures in plac e, and plan, organize, and monitor work. These leaders also perform other key tasks, such as creating and maintaining standards for performance.The benefit of task-oriented leadership is that it ensures that deadlines are met, and its especially useful for team members who dont manage their time well.However, because task-oriented leaders dont tend to cypher much about their teams well-being, this approach can suffer many of the flaws of autocratic leadership, including causing motivation and retention problems.8. People-Oriented/Relations-Oriented LeadershipWith people-oriented leadership, leaders are totally focused on organizing, supporting, and developing the people on their teams. This is a participatory style and tends to encourage good teamwork and originative collaboration. This is the opposite of task-oriented leadership. People-oriented leaders treat everyone on the team equally. Theyre pally and approachable, they pay attention to the welfare of everyone in the group, and they make themselves available whenever team members need help or advice.The benefit of this leadership style is that people-oriented leaders create teams that everyone wants to be part of. Team members are often more productive and willing to take risks, because they know that the leader willprovide support if they need it.The downside is that some leaders can take this approach too far they may put the development of their team in a higher place tasks or project directives.9. Servant LeadershipThis term, created by Robert Greenleaf in the 1970s, describes a leader often not formally recognized as such. When someone at any level within an organization leads simply by meeting the needs of the team, he or she can be draw as a servant leader. Servant leaders often lead by example. They have high integrity and lead with generosity. In many ways, servant leadership is a form of democratic leadership because the full-length team tends to be involved in decision making. However, s ervant leaders often lead from behind, preferring to stay out of the limelight and letting their team accept recognition for their hard work.Supporters of the servant leadership model suggest that its a good way to move ahead in a world where values are increasingly important, and where servant leaders can achieve power because of their values, ideals, and ethics. This is an approach that can help to create a positive corporate culture and can lead to high morale among team members.However, other people believe that in hawkish leadership situations, people who practice servant leadership can scratch themselves left behind by leaders using other leadership styles. This leadership style also takes time to apply correctly its ill-suited in situations where you have to make quick decisions or meet nettled deadlines.Although you can use servant leadership in many situations, its often most practical in politics, or in positions where leaders are elected to serve a team, committee, org anization, or community.10. Transformational Leadership/ ethereal LeadershipTransformational leaders are inspiring because they expect the best from everyone on their team as well as themselves. This leads to highproductivity and fight from everyone in their team.The downside of transformational leadership is that while the leaders enthusiasm is passed onto the team, he or she can need to be supported by occurrence people.Thats why, in many organizations, both transactional and transformational leadership styles are useful. Transactional leaders (or managers) ensure that routine work is done reliably, while transformational leaders look after initiatives that add new value. Its also important to use other leadership styles when necessary this will depend on the people youre leading and the situation that youre in.ConclusionThree factors that lure which leadership style to use1.The school heads private backgroundWhat personality, knowledge, values, ethics, and experiences does t he school head have? What does he or she think will work?2.Teachers being supervised Teachers with assorted personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual teacher and what he or she will respond best to. 3.The organization The traditions, values, philosophy, school vision and mission, concerns of the organization and all situational factors influence how a school head acts No one style of leadership fits all situations. All situations are different. What you do in one situation will not always work in another. There are many leadership styles from which to choose. Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a concomitant approach so it helps to have an understanding of other styles.A leader must use his or her judgment to decide the best year of action and the leadership style needed for each situation. For example you may need to confront a teacher for inappropriate behavior , but the clash is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective. By learning about the pros and cons of each style, one can adapt an approach to a situation. Also note that the situation normally has a greater effect on a leaders action than his orher traits. This is because while traits may have an impressive stability over a period of time, they have little consistency across situations. As a school head he or she must be a Task-oriented Leader to perform best in situations of high and low control, and a Relationship-oriented Leader to perform best in moderate control situations.Behavior is a reflect in whichEveryone shows his image.

Economics Commentary †article on the Haitian Earthquake Essay

IN JANUARY last year, the quake causes the 2004 Asian tsunami, which kill 250,000 hoi polloi and 300,000 injured. People were living under sheeting strung across woody poles. thither were too many vulnerable homeless batch that back up agency supportt fit them in tens. People be trapped in supermarkets, debris and so on. I feel truly sorry for them and I hope casualtys family rouse be rest in peace.First of all, thither go away be a change in Haitis economy because theres a huge effect of Haitis production. Haiti woolly 250,000 mass and 300,000 masses were injured. They lost loads of ram and enterprise just because of this. Labor are human being resources providing power to make goods and services Enterprise is a firm is an proprietor of a factory or company e.g. Nike, Apple. swells such as Houses, hospitals and factories were destroyed. Capital is man made resources that use for production. Many animals got kill by this earthquake and tsunami and destroyed timbers the res loss of land. Land is natural resources that earth-closett add by human. Clearly, Haitis production is decreasing. In this case, we peck use a PPF to explain the situation. PPF is a curve that shows the combinations of 2 or more goods that can be produced using all available resources. heres the PPF of Haiti before tsunami.PFF1 is Haitis PPF before tsunami and PPF2 is Haitis PPF after tsunamiThe PPF breakage to the left means theres decrease at twain actual and potential difference output. Actual output is what the country is presently producing and potential output is the maximum outputs you can produce will all currently resource. Because Haiti lost a lot of capitals, land, labor and enterprise, its production is running down. Therefore, its PPF shifts inward.Theres also stinting decline and frugal deterioration. frugal decline is the percent decrease in real GDP per annum and economic deterioration is decrease in living standard for everyone in the country. There is a shift of PPF because of the environment factors (earthquake and tsunami).There was a change of Haiti slews read because of the tsunami and earthquake. Demand is amount of a good or service that consumer are will and able to buy at a given price over a period a time. Whats the change of Haiti peoples demand? Tsunami and earthquake destroyed a lot things, one of them is food. Haiti people are in starvation, theres no more flesh food for them so their demand of canned food rose. It is because inferior goods demand if rise when theres war, natural disaster. Inferior good is a good that can replace another good as a substitute.The demand of Haiti peoples canned foodThis is a demand curve shows people in Haitis demand of canned food rise fromD1 to D2. Because the demand determinate is not price of the good of itself, its environment, theres a shift of demand curve to the right. Demand determinants are factors that can affect the demand such as price, consumer income, and low populatio nsEvolutionHaitis earthquake and tsunami are lost and a pain we would never cute to happen and they took millions of peoples life away and destroyed thousands homes. hither are few solutions I think it might help to stand back the economy of Haiti. First of all is asking UN for help. The United Nations (UN) is an world-wide organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. United nation will usually provided aid and food for refugees. Second is building hospitals and factories. Recovering labor and capital is an important step to get the economy back on track. Education is more important in Haiti than other countries. They need overbold blood to contribute for the society and thats where education is needed. Good people equal good country.

Business Across Borders Essay

In the billet world at present, borders argon blending and multi-national mergers ar causing many confederacy nationalities to become indistinct. As the globalization of markets rapidly increases, many companies are decision international expansion a necessity of competition. North America is greatly affected by this movement towards a global market, and many companies are attaining it extremely in-chief(postnominal) to adapt to new(prenominal) cultures.Favorable tack agreements and explosive growth of the middle class in countries once considered expatiateing have twain been heavy factors in the rush towards globalization. However, the most primary(prenominal) factor in increased globalization has been technological advancements, including new expatriation and information technologies. Presentation of information is more frequently processed by members of a virtual team a work group non necessarily in the same geographical location. With the proliferation of e-mail, videoconferencing, fax machine, and the teleph angiotensin converting enzyme, virtual teaming is bonny increasingly efficient.The most considerable obstructions to successful international marketing hold misinterpretations and contrary views resulting from ethnic differences. Being both cognizant of some of these issues and nimble to apply the necessary accommodations can save companies cartridge clip, effort, and a considerable get along of m unrivalledy.Exploring ContextContext is described as the most central property of culture and yet is the most tall(prenominal) to define. Context refers to the stimuli, environment, or atmosphere surrounding an event. Communication styles and vocation practices as a whole are often identified with the context of a country.North American, Scandinavian, and German communicators are generally considered to be low-context cultures. They expect a high level of expand in their visua,l verbal and written discourse. Low-context cultures tend tobe analytical, logical and find words and contracts very important. Individualism, freedom and ad hominem achievement are passing valued by these cultures.High-context cultures, such as Japan, China, Arabia, tend to assume the recipient does non need much background. Information and words are not as important as what is surrounding the situation. They are more apprised of a communicators status, interpersonal relationships, the setting, and ambiance when conducting transmission line relations. In general, usage and social customs are more important in high-context cultures. These cultures show membership in organizations and groups. Because they avoid confrontation, they frown upon individual decision fashioning and prefer consensus.RelationshipsIn many countries personal relationships are the key to success. It is important to not expect to get down to business right away, exactly rather get to know a person first. In Mexico, for example, business deals are only ma de with friends, so wiz must develop a friendship with any business partner. It is considered polite to ask personal questions about family, and also to answer any questions about your family. Discussions are affectionate and friendly.In Japan it is unlikely to get very far without connections. cautiously chosen intermediaries are a necessity. Not only go forth the Nipponese feel obliged to be loyal to them, but rank of ones associates will catch out their status as well. A Japanese businessman will always consult within his group in the beginning making a decision. Because of their intense loyalty, ones identity is subsumed into the group. It is important to never single out a Japanese counterpart, even for value or encouragement. Contrarily, the Spaniards have a hierarchy style of management and it is outgo to deal with el jefe or el pardon-the one who will be making the decision. Spaniards also will expect whomever they are transaction with to have decisions-making authorit y.Saving FaceWhen dealing with Spain or most Asian cultures, it is also critical to understand the concept of saving front. any loss of control of emotions or embarrassment is considered disastrous in business negotiations in these cultures. Honor and personal pride mean everything and they must not be insulted. Because of this attitude it is very important to carefully prepare presentations so that they are easy for the audience to understand. Paying close attendance to determine if anything is misunderstood during the presentation is also a must. Because of this concept of saving face the presenter will not know if they are having difficulties. Close attention must be paid to conversations in order to discern the distressfulness of what is being said. In Japan, a deal is never refused directly, and any traffic with Japanese business culture should remain indirect. business organization CardsIn nearly all countries, it is important that business cards be printed one side in En glish, and the other in their language. When presenting the card, it should be presented with their language lining the recipient. In Japan, the exchange of business cards is not to be interpreted lightly. When you receive the card of a Japanese businessman, be sure to make a show of examining it carefully and then making a respect about the card. Ask any questions about anything on the card which is difficult to pronounce or understand. The card should then be placed in a case or on a near by table. A card shouldnt be shoved into a pocket or be written on.Concepts of TimeTime orientation is an important cultural difference that Americans must pay close attention to. In America, fourth dimension is viewed as a precious commodity. Time is related with productivity, efficiency, and money. Many other countries have a much more relaxed perception of time. They take their time, and esteem it. In Mexico you can ask if a schedule appointment is en punto (the precise time), or mas o men os. Mas o menos appointments are often scheduled a half an hour to an hour before the actual time. With bothMexican and Japanese cultures it is also important not to expect newsbreak results. Plenty of time should be allowed for contemplation and decision making. In Mexico it is important to adjust any expectations regarding deadlines and efficiency.ConclusionDoing business over borders and through time zones has become commonplace in the twenty-first century. Technological advancements in communication and travel make it possible to do business across the human race almost instantaneously. Doing business with multiple cultures can be a gainsay venture. International communication skills of an organization can determine success or failure.In order to interact with different cultures, it is necessary to understand the prefatory characteristics of the culture. This type of understanding helps to make adjustments and accommodations. We must rid our minds of pre-conceived notions, s tereotypes, and prejudices. It is imperative that one be knowledgeable about such topics as context, traditions, social rules, etcetera It is equally important to possess competent listening skills and to be aware of ones own nonverbal messages.The ability to adapt to an intercultural military position is probably one of the most crucial aspects of doing business in todays global village.BibliographySellin, Robert H. J and Elaine Winters. Cultural Issues in Business Communication. Berkeley Program Facilitating and Consulting, 2000.Guffey, Mary Ellen. Business Communication Process and Product, 4th ed. Mason, Ohio South-Western, 2003Etiquette and topical anesthetic Customs. The Travelers Yellow Pages Online. http//www.infoservices.com/stpete/342.htm. InfoServices International,Inc., 2002What to Know Before Negotiting Execitive Planet.com. http//www.executiveplanet.com/business-culture.html.

Disraeli: An unprincipled adventurer in politics Essay

An unscrupulous venturer in politics. How fair is this interpretation of Disraeli in the level 1837- 1846? 1st DRAFTOver the years, the political character of Disraeli has addled historians as much as it did his colleagues. Previously historians, such as Machin, had an listing to accept the view of his contemporary critics which was often, that in the obscurities of his politic all(prenominal)y life prior(prenominal) to 1846, Disraeli was An unprincipled adventurer in politics, motivated by his admit personal ambition rather that a doctrine of political principles. only recently at that place has been an upsurge in the number of historians that believe Disraeli did deliver got a irradiate set of beliefs.These principles originated from Disraelis lowstanding of English explanation and values, and that a impulse to defend and significantize his c formerlyption of England gave his carg unrivalledr coherence. Disraeli check himself as a foe of dangerous cosmopolitan id eas that were damaging the break spirit and creating social conflict.1 Whilst Disraeli dissolve be considered as unprincipled in his methods, Disraelis underlying sense of political purpose, and the rhetoric he apply to promote his objectives, never changed thus showing that he was truly a principled politico.In the primordial 1830s Disraeli stood in several elections as a Whig, ultra and as an Independent. However, Disraeli was a Tory by the time he won a seat in the House of Commons in 1837 representing the constituency of Maidst nonp aril. These shop changes of allegiance to the different political groups are adept of the charges which 1 empennage claim Disraeli to be unprincipled except was he? Disraeli claimed that his electric switch to conservatism was imputable to his belief in the accompaniment that rights defended the interests of the heap. This claim for buns be proven by the situation that in the 1822 the Tory company under Lord Liverpools administrati on argued for the rights of Dissenters and even repealed the Test and Corporations Act which allowed for Protestant dissenters to hold positions in public office.In addition, in 1836 Disraeli wrote and published the piece of ground Vindication of the English Constitution (1835). In this pamphlet, Disraeli described the Whigs as a troupe, tried to monopolise the establish workforcet by enslaving the monarchy during the 18th century. This evidence in like manner leads to Ian St Johns conclusion that Disraeli was perpetually a Tory Radical who believed that the Tory troupe was the true caller since the Whigs pursued a selfish agenda in the interests of a narrow elite2 . In addition, he claimed that the Tories had shown themselves to be a truly national party, representing the views of nine-tenths of the people.3 This evidence agrees with Disraelis own claim that the Tory party was the actual party of the people, and in this way one depose say that Disraelis switch to conservati sm was ground upon a principled grounding.Further argu manpowerts that Disraelis switch to conservatism was ground on his principle and non on his own personal ambitions are that during Disraelis earlier attempts for Parlia handst, he had always argued for bucolic assistance. This belief form an integral part of the Tory partys principals since in 1815 a Tory g overnment had introduced the give fairnesss as a means of protecting the British agricultural market from an influx of cheap foreign corn. In addition, one squeeze out argue that Disraelis switch to Conservatism could besides be a result from the fact that the bourgeois party was the party Disraeli grew up around. During his spring chicken Disraeli had met George Canning who was a friend of his father, in addition in the 1830s Disraeli was drawn to the Conservatives party social circles.Through these functions he was introduced to Lord Lyndhurst (a causation Tory Chancellor) by Lady Henrietta Sykes.4 therefore one can say that through with(predicate) his background, fundamental beliefs and social circles, Disraeli was a natural Conservative in the equal(p) way that Gladstone was a natural Liberal However, for many historians these are not the main reasons as to why Disraeli became a Conservative MP. In 1834 Disraeli received Conservative financial support from Lord Lyndhurst who was his patron.5 This inextricably joined Disraeli to the Conservative party, especially when one considers the fact that Disraeli was not copent with his domestic economics and would therefore never be able to repay Lyndhurst. In conclusion one can say that Disraelis conversion to the Conservative party was mainly a genuine switch even though it may have been influenced by the generosity of Lord LyndhurstThe character of Disraeli can also been seen to be principled in is by his belief that cryptical members of association have a concern to the hapless. This belief was expressed in Disraelis reaction to the 1834 unequal Law Amendment Act. This Bill founded a misfortunate Law Commission to supervise the national operation of the Poor Law placement, included the moulding together of small parishes into Poor Law Unions and the building of work folks in each union for the giving of poor relief. The act was Whig-Benthamite reforming commandment of the period6 passed by Earl Grey in order to advise people from becoming poor and wanting to join the Work house musical arrangement.In 1840 Disraeli condemned the New Poor Law and the Work house system callable to his belief that the government should help the poor in a paternal way. This marked the start of Disraelis belief in one nation Toryism. The idea of One nation Toryism was present in Disraelis novel Sybil, where he described Britain as Two nations the rich and the poor. 7 Disraeli believed that the ideology of young England, the 1852 budget and the 1867 amend Act. Therefore this shows that Disraelis idol worship to a Romanticis ed version of society where the upper formes had a duty to the poor was a stead fast principle of Disraelian politics.Another way in which Disraeli expressed his principles of preserving social harmony and helping the poor was through his fellow feeling to the Chartists. Chartism was a movement established in 1836 and controlled by working men who cherished to achieve parliamentary democracy as a shade towards social and economic reform. In 1840 Disraeli was one of only 5 mononuclear phagocyte system who argued against the heavy punishments given to Chartists. This was due to the fact Disraeli believed that that political rights ensured social happiness. In his Chartist novel, Sybil or the two Nations, Disraeli gave the only fictional account of Chartism which understand the political demands of the movement8.This reaction to Chartism showed Disraeli as organism principled as his desire to help the poor was present in his 1852 budget since he wanted to reduce indirect revenue enhancement on malt and tea, and levy the income budget. This would have helped with the working class who were more affected by indirect taxation than they were direct taxation as Gladstone would soon realise. In addition, one of the main values of Disraelis two-year-old England was the conservative and romantic establish of Social Toryism that included the patronage of noblesse oblige as the backside for its paternalistic form of social organization.9 In addition, through his 1867 Reform Bill Disraeli also enhanced the franchise of the professional and middle classes. despite the fact that cynical historians such as - may see Disraelis attempts to widen the political field as a way of acquire a Conservative political steadfasthold, the line of thought that Disraeli was a Radical Tory dispels their claim. This is because Disraeli was radical in the sense that he welcomed the Reform and wanted to iron British politics towards a democratic principle of government with tercente nary elections and the secret ballot.10 This theory of wider representation links in with the foregoing argument of why Disraeli became a conservative MP. By extending the political symbolize Disraeli believe that the English Nation would be better represented as it would dispel the oligarchical control that the Whigs held in Parliament. Therefore one can argue that Disraelis support of Chartism shows him as a principal politician as it reflects his belief in a need for reform in the dainty political system.The case of Disraeli staying with his principles of a Romantic, paternalistic society is also unambiguous in Disraelis works of fiction and his membership of Young England. Disraeli had helped to form the Young England group in 1842 based upon the that the middle class now had too much political power and an alliance amidst the grandeur and the working class was needed to keep society functioning. Disraeli suggested that the aristocracy should use their power to help prote ct the poor yet a social hierarchy that should be maintained.11 Yet despite making these views of paternalism evident in his legislature such as the 1852 budget and his response to the 1843 Poor Law amendment historians such as Ian St John always ask how gravely did Disraeli regard young England? This is an obtuse question. Young England was an important tool of Disraelis as it helped him to publicise his political beliefs and during 1842 they helped him assault the Poor Law, and the rationalist system of thought.In addition, due to his unconventional education, Young England was also vital to Disraeli as it allowed him to network within the Conservative party despite the fact that he was an outsider due to his Jewish ethnicity and middle class background. One can also argue that Disraeli showed a clear commitment to the ideologies of Young England due to his writings. Disraelis novels Coningsby (1844), Sybil (1845) and Tancred (1847) all show concern about poverty and the mischi ef of the parliamentary system.In Coningsby, Disraeli attacked the Tamworth Manifesto as an attempt to construct a party without principles. Moreover, his subsequent novel Sybil shows the start of one nation Toryism as it shows concern about the development of two nations causing a rent in society. This novels are critical as they all show Disraelian principals since all the novels show a continuation of Disraelis beliefs of a Romantic notion of government and desire for reform and in this way can be said to be principled. Moreover Young England is proof of Disraelis principles as it shows that his belief in a Romantic system of government and paternalism was as present in his ideals as a young man, as they were when he was Prime minister in the 1870s.The main argument for Disraeli being an unprincipled adventurer in politics is often due to his relationship with plunder. There are often three main views to this section of Disraelis early political vocation. The outset view is t hat Disraeli led his attack on scrape for revenge. According to Norman Lowe Disraeli was furious when bark did not offer him a place in his 1841 cabinet and perhaps because of this Disraeli lead the attack on clamber over the feed Law repeal12.However this account for Disraelis attack on reave is highly flawed. In his biography on Disraeli, Christopher Hibbert claims that in 1844 Peel had wrote to Disraeli apologising for dismissing his offer to work in his cabinet and stating that if he had offended Disraeli it was wholly unintentional on his part13 Hibbert therefore goes on to state that this apology showed that the animosity between the two men was no chronic tangible and, soon after the apology was make Disraeli and three member of Young England voted with the government14In fact, Hibbert because goes onto disclose that Peel actually praised Disraelis speech on the Irish question calling it in truth able. These are all very clear examples showing how Disraelis direct an d very public attack on Peel over the issue of the repeal of the Corn Laws could not have been a result of Peels rebuff in 1841. Both men had declared a truce with each other (although Grenville did comment in his diary that Disraelis speech on the Ireland question was under the pretending of compliment making an amusing attack on Peel15) and it was for the gain ground of the Tory party if this truce was maintained. After all as the historian Southgate remarked Disraeli had no principle except that of maintaining party unity.16 Therefore the claim that Disraelis attack on Peel was unprincipled as it was based upon a personal vendetta against the Tory leader is historically inaccurate.Another interpretation for Disraelis attack on Peel given by Machin is that Disraelis attacks stem from a personal ambition. By attacking Peel over the 1846 Corn Law Crisis Disraeli apparently, made him name as an able orator and gave him his first political influence. Whilst the latter half of this s tatement may be viewed as true, Hibbert had already shown that Disraelis skills for oration were already known by 1846 due to his speech on the Irish question which was so widely prize that his wife asked him to note down17 However one cannot repugn that by defeating Peel Disraeli gained a political advantage.Even Jenkins states that the subsequent events helped to rocket launcher Disraeli into a position of authority which he could never have judge to achieve so quickly if at all. Whilst this may be true by toppling Peel from power Disraeli has left the Tory party in the political wildernesses18 according to Machin. Commonsense dictates that whilst he was the most undimmed Conservative MP, a person cannot fulfil any political ambitions whilst their party is divided and weak. Therefore it is illogical to say that Disraeli uprooted Peel from power in a bid to advertise his own political career, as without Peel leading the Tories, any chance of political victory would have been harder to achieve.The last(a) and perhaps most justified reason why historians such as Monypenny believed that Disraeli lead the attack on Peel was due to a clear question of principle andpressure from his constituents19. Whilst many historians believe that Peel was a true statesman, David Eastcote takes the Victorian contemporary view that Peel was actually a turncoat. By championing the ideas of Catholic Emancipation, the Maynooth Grant and the Corn Law repeal Peel had quite deliberately isolated himself, and in so doing he had destroyed his party, or at any rate driven an immovable shooter between Peelism and Toryism. The destruction of the party was not an unfortunate, unintended consequence of the Corn Law crisis it was, rather, quite deliberately engineered by Peel.20 Although many people view that the Tory party disintegrated with the exodus of the Peelite fraction of the party, it is important to realise that Peels decision were unpopular with the core base of ultra-Tor ies.This was due to the fact that even though his party was in power, there were no real Tory party decisions as Peel preferred a Presidential mood of governing rather than an executive governing style. In addition one can argue that Disraeli held a principle attack on peel due to the fact that whilst he had supported Peel in 1842 over further relaxation of the Corn Laws, he was unable to support Peel over their complete repeal. This was because he saw Peels forsaking of Protection and as a treason of agricultural interest which was the grit of the party21.Disraeli therefore declared alongside Lord Bentinck that they would neverbe guilty or double dealing with the farmers of England.or betraying our constituents 22highlighting the fact that Disraeli was fighting the issue of Corn law repeal based on his principles of agricultural defense as well as a having a sense duty to his constituents. This interpretation can also be verified by the fact that 242 former supporters of Peel also rebelled against his 1846 proposal for Corn Law repeal.The idea that the rebel against Peel over the corn Law crisis was based on a notion of having a duty to his electorate is also present in Waltons verdict of 1846 where he states that Disraeli attacked Peel for changing his policy without consulting the electorate or listening to the views of his supporters23. Ian Machin also concedes that although Disraeli did have something to gain from usurping Peel, there was a strong public opinion in the constituencies that was for the idea of retaining the Corn Laws. Therefore one can logically conclude that Disraelis attacks on Peel in 1846 Disraelis attacks on Peel could be argued as being unprincipled on the surface as they are often seen as being based upon an underlining tone of resentment and antipathy due to Peels refusal to give him a position of power in 1841. However there is stronger evidence to suggest that Disraelis attacks were due to Peels betrayal of the Conservative p arty as well as pressure from his constituents.However, once one has argued away the beliefs that Disraeli was unprincipled due to his relationship with Peel, one is left with arguments Disraelis contemporaries held for him being unprincipled. The majority of reasons why Disraeli is often seen as an unscrupulous politician are due to his background. Due to Disraelis Jewish heritage he was often received with Anti-Semitic bias. This is recognised when derby writes there is no one in our arty who can compete with youbutyour formal establishment in the post of leader would not meet with a general and cheerful approvalThis means that whilst Disraeli was a recognised key political player in the Conservative party (thus eliminating the idea that he was a mere adventurer), his personal background would always work against him. However not only did Disraelis Jewish grow help to hinder his political progression. However all this argument is hamper since it does not state that he was unpri ncipled due to his political beliefs, but rather, that he was unprincipled due to his ethnicity. These arguments are therefore irrational and further alienate the claim that Disraeli was an irrational politician as historians no longer view Disraeli with a racial bias.In conclusion, the statement An unprincipled adventurer in politics is not a fair interpretation of Disraeli in the period 1837- 1846. By studying Disraelis early political career there is a key notion that the principles of a paternalistic Romanticised society is truly maintained, as well as a belief that the Tory party is the true party of the nation. In addition in regards to Disraelis conflict with Peel over the 1846 Corn Law crisis, one can see that on deeper examination the underlying roots of Disraelis arguments were held upon the as same convictions which he campaigned for as an independent MP and the same principles that made him a Radical Tory. Therefore one can convincingly argue that during the period 1837 - 1846 Disraeli was as principled as a politician can be.1 T.A. Jenkins gum benjamin Disraeli and the Spirit of England, History Today 5412 (December 2004), 9-152 Ian. St John, Disraeli and the Art of Victorian regime, (London Anthem) 2005, pg 103 Jenkins, 544 William M. Kuhn, the Politics of frolic A portrait of Benjamin Disraeli (Michigan Pocket) 2007 pg 1745 William M. Kuhn, the Politics of Pleasure A portrait of Benjamin Disraeli (Michigan Pocket) 2007 pg 1756 Norman. Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel (London Longman) 1953, pg 3957 Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies An Introduction, (Basingstoke PalgraveMacmillian),2003 p888 Norman Lowe, know Modern British History, (Basingstoke Macmillan) 1984 pg 1189 Wikipedia, Young England, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_england (January 4, 2009)10 Ian . St John, Disraeli and the Art of Victorian Politics, (London Anthem) 2005, pg 1011 William M. Kuhn, the Politics of Pleasure A portrait of Benjamin Disraeli (Michigan Pocket) 2007 p g 18512 Norman Lowe, Mastering Modern British History, (Basingstoke Macmillan) 1984 pg 24713 Christopher Hibbert, Disraeli- A personal history, (Hampshire HarperPerennial) 2004 pg 16014 Christopher Hibbert, Disraeli- A personal history, (Hampshire HarperPerennial) 2004 pg 16015 Christopher Hibbert, Disraeli- A personal history, (Hampshire HarperPerennial) 2004 pg 16016 John Walton, Disraeli, (London Lancaster pamphlets) 1990 pg 5917 Christopher Hibbert, Disraeli- A personal history, (Hampshire HarperPerennial) 2004 pg 16018 Ian Machin, Disraeli (Canada Pearson Education) 1996 pg 11019 bloody shame Dicken, Disraeli, (London HarperCollins) 2004 pg 2020 David Eastwood, Peel-Statesman or Turncoat, History Today 23 (December 1995)pg 20-2521 Mary Dicken, Disraeli, (London HarperCollins) 2004 pg 1722 Mary Dicken, Disraeli, (London HarperCollins) 2004 pg 1923 John Walton, Disraeli, (London Lancaster pamphlets) 1990 pg 8

What Are Scientific Investigation and Non-scientific Investigation?

Scientific investigating and non-scientific investigating argon fields of inquiry used by scholars, policy makers, health professionals and economists among differents, to start k straight offledge that explains the various haves of phenomena that exist in the indwelling physical environment. intelligence is derived from a Latin word scientia which literally means knowledge. It is a see that deals with the systematic touch of gathering knowledge about the structure and port of the natural and physical world, establish on facts that are measurable and butt joint be proven by manipulation of data obtained with and through experiments, and posting (Gaukroger, 2006).Investigation is the swear out of enquiring into unfamiliar or questionable activities, thoroughly and consistently with the aim getting a solution (Bauer, 1992). Scientific investigating and so is a method used to adopt knowledge through painstaking observation of facts of a situation that is unfamiliar or questionable, which helps in the phylogeny of a speculation from which logical prospiciences discharge be proven by way of experimentation, and manipulation of empiric data (Ziman, 2000). Non-scientific probe on the early(a) hand is devoid of all attributes that are scientific in nature.The awake examination, with the aim of establishing reasons for the occurrence or existence of a particular phenomenon can non be verified with reference to data gathered by means of experiments, observations, empirical evidence or any other forms regarded as scientific. Conclusions are major(ip)ly based on claims, estimations and normalized assumptions that cannot be measured or empirically decided (Proper, 1983). Steps of scientific investigation The first dance footprint involves informal observations of phenomena or behavior in a way that is not systematic.In the process, ridiculous behavior might get observe within the environment under investigation. For example, it may be obse rve that people are generally happier in ready sunny days. As questions about events arise, generalizations are made toward the noticed behavior through a process known as inducive reasoning. (Holyoak and Morrison, 2005). This involves using a particularised characteristic to make conclusions about the general situation. For example, people are happier on warm and sunny days.The second step involves the formation of a tentative answer known as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a proposal expressing credit based on incomplete evidence or a concept that has not insofar been verified but that if lawful would explain a possible affinity between or among a set of phenomena (Burks, 1977). The hypotheses are normally tried and true using experimental studies to determine their relevance through a serial of steps that are repetitive. This translates a consistent way of predicting further results tie in to specific situations or phenomena (Fraassen, 1980).This begins by listing varyin gs that are associated with the observation. A variable is a condition that has different values for different items. For example, other variables associated with warm sunny days and happiness could be weather and health. There now arises twain possible explanations for the observation made that people are slight likely to get colds and flu which limits depression and makes them happy, and people are happier in warm sunny days because the weather is bright and welcoming.At this point, unrivaled between the two observations is selected forming the hypothesis which is subjected to further investigation to determine whether it is true or false. Thirdly, is the use of the hypothesis to generate a prediction, which can be tested. This involves applying the hypothesis to a specific real-world situation that can be observed (Patten, 2004). At his level, logic is used to make a prediction through a process known as deductive reasoning where the prediction starts from a general statement to one that is specific (Patton, 2002).For example, if the hypothesis states that little depression is as a result of better lighting, a specific prediction is that, increasing lighting of a building on the foothold floor should decrease depression among employees working on that floor. The fourth step is to evaluate the prediction by undertaking the actual research to provide a fair and unbiased result by observing if the hypothesis is correct (Bunge, 1998). Finally, observations are used to back, refute, or to refine the original.This is based on the extent to which observations agree with predictions. If they agree, new predictions can be set and tested. If not, because the hypothesis needs to be revised because it is wrong. The scientific process is a repetitive, circular, spiral process and not a linear process (Maleske, 2005). former(a) elements of scientific investigation All scientific investigations must(prenominal) be objective. They should not be influenced by persona l feelings or opinions of the party carrying out the investigation but rather by facts that can be proven (Neuman, 2006).This reduces the contingence of biased interpretations and conclusions of results from an investigation. Scientific investigations must be documented. Official records should be unplowed for use as evidence or proof that investigation on a particular phenomenon actually took buns. This would lend credibility to the process in case any there is need for further investigation (Krippendorff, 2004). some other basic expectation is to archive all documented work resulting from scientific investigation.This involves retentivity of information that is not often needed into various forms of storage media like tapes, disks, paper, and slides for future reference. Data and methodology from scientific investigations must be shared to allow for careful scrutiny by other scientists. This allows other researchers the opportunity to carefully scrutinize results and also veri fy them by attempting to cat them through a practice called full disclosure (Holton, 1988). Finally, scientific investigations must allow for statistical measures of reliability of the data to be established.Non-scientific investigation Non-scientific investigation is a process of inquiry into particular phenomena existing in the natural physical environment in a manner that is not systematic. The major aspects of non-scientific investigation are qualitative in nature, in the sense that the process of inquiry is not based on facts and data that is measurable and can be empirically manipulated to arrive at conclusions but reasoned explanations, estimations, generalise assumptions and comparisons form the footing of non-scientific investigation (Salmon, 1990).Forms of non-scientific investigation Tenacity is used to acquire knowledge from habit or superstition. Repetitive and predictable events form the basis upon which knowledge is acquired. There is no actual observation and exam ination of variables through research. As Stanovich (2007) observes, the element of repetitiveness and predictability hold a critical place in the field of science. Intuition is another form of non-scientific investigation through which knowledge is acquired.The substance of the matter under investigation is determined by a hunch or feeling that could be emotionally propel or not (Stanovich, 2007). Through keen observation or by translation other sources, feelings and emotions may be invoked triggering studies that end up on conclusions beingness made. The nature of conclusions depends on the emotional disposition of the investigator. Authority by experts is another form of non-scientific investigation (Thurs, 2007). This is simply derived from the idea that expert opinion is based on information acquired earlier through various forms. due to the fact that individual experts are expected to offer leadership in their areas of specialization, they easily contribute information whic h is presumed to be knowledge. Rationalism is another form of non-scientific investigation where knowledge is acquired from reasoning and making of logical conclusions (Audi, 1999). Simply put, freethinking is based on appeal to logic. However, logic may not needfully explain phenomena as certain information may be convincing though such may fail the knowledge test.Lastly is sensationalism which relates to acquisition of knowledge from direct sensory observation (Keeton, 1962). This is heavily parasitic on the five senses possessed by a human being including the sense of touch, smell, taste, sound and sight. Conclusion Scientific and non-scientific investigation offer utilitarian skills of inquiry that can be used hand in hand. These two processes complement each other throughout the whole investigative process to bring about a more comprehensive and tangible investigation (McComas, 2002).The steps under scientific investigation are punctuated by elements of non-scientific invest igation giving it substance and credibility that is necessary for the process to be complete. The chase non-scientific forms of investigation roughly show the correlation that exists with the scientific forms, observation (method of empiricism), reading other researchers articles (method of authority) (MacMorris, 1989). For an investigation to be deemed complete and comprehensive, scientific investigation and non-scientific investigation must be used together.

Paper of dream

Professor Jarvis The Dream Freud believed the fantasy to be composed of dickens parts, the manifest and the possible content. The manifest content can be theme of as what a person would remember as soon as they turn on and what they would consciously describe to someone else when recalling the reverie. Thats all the stuff that literally happens in the romance. Freud suggested that the manifest content possessed no meaning some(prenominal) because it was a disguised representation of the true thought underlying the dream.The possible content holds the true meaning of the dream, and the forbidden thoughts and the unconscious desires. These appear in the manifest content but will be disguised and unrecognizable. Although in rare cases the manifest and latent content can be indistinguishable. Freud believed that the latent content of dreams is suppressed and hidden by the subconscious capitulum in order to protect the individual from thoughts and feelings that are hard to cope with. By uncovering the hidden meaning of it, Freud believed that people could better nderstand their problems and resolve the issues that compose difficulties in their lives.I dreamed that once I was an older man compete in the major leagues and was on my way to the hall of fame when all of a sudden succession I was taking a flight to the fact area where my game was held the plain had a tragic crash. Freud insisted that dreams are a radiation pattern of fulfilling suppressed wishes. If a wish goes unsatisfied during the dreamers normal day, the mind reacts to this internal stimuli by transforming it into a visual fantasy, allowing the dreamer to satisfy his or her esire. The result of which is a peaceful nights sleep.This makes me think that the concept of Freuds theory is right because of the way the content worked when I woke up and how my thoughts worked. I was so affright but was understanding by how the dream worked. Freuds theory is completely binding because it makes sense when we fall asleep and your curtains are drawn, the dream acts as a protector to you. It calms the mind and relates to your thought and wishes and doing bad or good things while you are asleep. Freuds work was solely concerned with nternal stimuli.Essentially, for a person to cover to sleep undisturbed strong negative emotions, forbidden thoughts and unconscious desires drive home to be disguised or censored in some form or another. Otherwise, confronted by these, the dreamer would become distressed and they would eventually wake up. Therefore the dream, if understood correctly, could lead to a greater understanding of the dreamers subconscious. During my dream I felt very special but the night that I fell asleep I was in a stressed peevishness and anger was drawn in my veins.It seemed as if the dream acted as a barrier as Freud states in his theory, I woke up feeling same a new person and it comtorted me. While the plane was talling in my dream I nad a weird feeling bef ore that I couldnt believe the certain tragedy was slightly to happen but argus-eyed up and knowing I was alive changed my whole aspect of face towards life. Freud makes me thing of when I fall asleep what dream I bring a what I can do to notice what is wrong with me or what problem is running through my mind.If I have mental dream with violence I will be able to state my substantially being and know what wrong with me. I can help notice therapy for a certain bad dream I had and why it took place. I completed agree with Freuds theory and will take it step by step each dream. We have learned many things in this synopsis of Freud. We have discussed the importance of Freuds dream content theory and what their meanings include. Over the flesh of study in Structure of Mind and Behavior, we have learned about mental and psychological histories and incidents that relate to Freuds dream theory in a eneral way.

Kahuna Cleaning Supply Essay

Collusion and cheating is considered to be a very beneficial issue and exclusively told assignments will be closely monitored to ensure that all students are submitting their own shit. This ensures that all students are treated fairly and order on their own knowledge and work. It is acceptable to dispute hang national with others to improve your understanding and clarify requirements however you must not discuss the actual assignment solution and the solutions to assignment questions must be do on your own. You must not copy from anyone, including tutors and fellow students, nor provide copies of your work to others. Assignments that do not adhere to this requirement will be deemed as being the result of collusion or cheating. This may lead to perfect(a) academic penalties as outlined in the Student Academic polity Misconduct policy found at. It is your own responsibility to ensure the fairness of your work. It is recommended that you use passwords to protect your files a nd ensure that others are unable to access your work. any assignments must be submitted in electronic form via the link on the Study Desk by the due date. Ensure that you read the extension guidelines for this course as posted onto the course Study Desk. Only requests that fall indoors the specified guidelines will be considered. Do not assume that all extension requests will be approved.

Analysis of First Love by John Clare

First tell apart is a verse form, which encapsulates the recognise the poet has falling in love for the outgrowth time. It is rejoicing the love he achieve for a woman named bloody shame Joyce but there is sadness and a expression of dissatisfaction hovering in the background. This touch exists, as the love was unrequited. The song has an underlying belief of innocence and flurry of emotions as it is the poets very prime(prenominal) attempt at love exhibiting his looking ats for Mary. The opening of the first stanza only shows how sudden and unexpected the feeling was as he was never struck before that hour.This is followed my sibilance head rhyme so sudden and so sweet further emphasizing on the shock and bewilderment of the overwhelming feeling confirming it is a in the buff experience. He uses his amount of money as a symbol that she has stolen completely remote however unknowingly. The paragraph continues to imbibe how he physically felt sick as his face turned blanch a deadly pale. Generally when a person falls in love the first instinct is that the crinkle is rushed to the face, which occurs as a latter reaction.This could be because he probably already sensed that the love could not be returned as he didnt say anything to her instead he hoped that his eyeball would convey the message words from my eyes did start. He never came close to even touching or talking to her however the roue all seemed to turn to clay conveys the strong affection he attained for her. He also shows how the woman is in control of their (hallucinated) relationship as she could mould and re-mould him as per her wish. In the second stanza he goes on to describe more of his emotions brought forward by this interaction.He makes it quite visual for us of how the love has its affect on him and how he flushes with embarrassment so oftentimes that for a moment he feels blind. The physical impact of love relates the experience of love and loss. His behavior, his emot ions were all now just focused on this iodine girl so much so that it seemed midnight to him at noonday. This stanza ends on a very sad but dramatic note when he says that blood burnt around my heart because he was in terrible pain in the ass emotionally as well as physically.The pace of the poesy is however slows down in the last stanza. The poet seems depressed that the love he encompasses for Mary will never be fulfilled. The stanza begins with the poet asking rhetorical hesitations. In the first question he refers to elevations again like in the first stanza when he says her face bloomed like a sweet flower it shows how innocent the love is and as they were never in physical contact even virginity. overly Clare admits that him and Mary could never be together as shown forth by the comparison of flower and overwinter.According to him it will be as hard for their relationship to bloom as it would be for a flower in winter and slowly it will wilt and die. The second question shows his desperate first. It clearly implies love as cold, deceitful and to be hardened with caution. But he himself dove into it and continually obsesses about her. Love has a very strong physical impact within his body. These new feeling seem to have shaken him with surprise. The line my heart has left its brood place exhibits the sense of seclusion and desertion that he feels.It includes rhetorical questions much(prenominal) as are flowers the winters choice? and Iis loves fare always snow? the advert to flowers takes us back to the simile in the beginning of the poem where the blooming of her face is compared to that of a flower apocalyptic of the efflorescence of his love for her . it is in sharp contrast to the second reference of the flower which can only wilt and die in winter rather than blossom suggesting the lack of any misfortune of the two orgasm together.Also read In Exile Poem Analysis Arthur NortjeHe refers to her face blooming like a sweet flower sign ifying the blossoming of his love which contrasts with the second reference to the flowers which is compared to winter suggests the lack of any possibility of them coming together just as the flower. the second question shows his desparate depression implying that love is cold deceitful and to be treated with caution . having drowned him in her live now it seems impossible for him to come out of it as my heart has left its dwelling place there is a sense of loneliness and the desertion that lurks towards the end of the poem making the reader to almost sympathise with the poet.We are make to go through the experience and as the poem uses a diary form, it almost appears as if the poet is pouring his heart onto the paper. This is what makes the poem stand out as one can really scram with him. He uses similes her face bloomed like a sweet flower, metaphors my life has turned into clay, alliterations such as so sudden so sweet and realistic and effective images to make that possible. T he rhyming structure of the poem is AB-AB-CD-CD.In each paragraph his feelings keep developing and we are made to witness this experience. The realistic images the poem has, helps the reader to understand the physical effects of being in love. The love he has was the sweetest, noblest and deepest love he has witnessed in his entire life so much so that it later legion him to insanity. Therefore more than first love I would consider it to be his true love. I feel as if the poet has been successful in transferral the impact of his emotions throughout this poem.

Modern Education Is A Needs In The Future

Weather the growth of modern learning is our needs as a modern res publica? The schooling of modern education in our ground will deed over a huge impact in education sector peculiarly to the students in primary school, secondary school, IPTA and IPTS. The modernization of education sector is physical structure to our country goal to be developed country towards 2020. Moreover, we send away ram lacquer as a example of success country in development of education such as they are no yearlong victimisation text book In learning establishment save they use tablet to replace text book.So, they can reduce the development of paper as well as they can control the glasshouse effect from logging. In conclusion, we too can constitute changes like Japan because the wealth of our country make tout ensemble this changes are not impossible. The development of modern education will change the way of learning system among the students and teachers. What I mean is the student can get education from using ICT such as used it for searching information and knowledge to exculpate their problem in study.At the same time, they can improve their ICT skills. other than that, I believe if they use all the benefits of technology in their learning, they can be a fast learner and knowledgeable student. Furthermore, the modernization of education sector will force our country to produce innovation and productiveness students. This will lead our education through the highest level. From this we can see that the developed education will give a lot of beneficial to our country in all sectors.On the other hand, the modern education also have it own consequence like student will easy to be exposed by harmful content in cyberspace such as pornographic and violence activities that put by not responsible peoples. So, these consequences must be under controlled by the responsible. All in all, our education must get improvement to make sure all the students can get all the ben efit. I believe if our government waste all this advantage, it can make sure we will be one(a) step beyond to the futuristic academic learning. It also will make our country as a role model to the others in development of education sectors to them.

Time Of The Past

At the age of 25 I was cardinal of the close to treasured managers in a profitable phoner in my small village town. My repute had entangled the whole town and this is wherefore everybody gazed at me every succession I went stilt the streets doing my shopping identical every body else. My life style was the to the highest degree expensive you would suppose because every shoe and cloth I put on was imported.At this time I did non mind so much about the prox since I was single and had no one to care for except my parents who need little of my financial help because they were already well of. My lucrative concern was something that I cherished so much that I devoted most of my time in ensuring that I remained the top performing manager in the caller-up. As a result I had several opportunities of attending sponsored conferences not only in my country further also outside the country. I was far much ahead of many friends I learnt with, and this gave me every modestness to c elebrate my life and achievements.Due to this, I had no option but to divert myself from many of my friends who would book appointments if they wanted to meet up with me. It seemed like the communicate of riches by the creator had been directed towards my side because everything seemed elegant to me.The bon ton had offered me with a number of company vehicles the rationale for which I have by no means been able to ascertain to this twenty-four hours. But I look that the company was making super normal profits which made the prexy plan less and did not care about the unwarranted company expenditures. As a result, the companys performance begun to dwindle but disproportionately to what the company gained at the end of the day.Little did any one of us notice that losing a single consumer was the commencement of a big down fall that awaited us. Decisions were made without a vision of expanding the operations of the company to make the company top its competitors. We thought that w e had reached the sun only to grind later that we had not stepped in the moon.What followed will always remain in my mind as the most downbeat and hardest part of my life to this day. My pay was rock-bottom by half because the company begun making massive losses and most of our customers lost confidence in the company. My job remained at stake because the trade department that I headed was the key in sourcing for customers who kept the company prompt high but in contradiction they were leaving.After a short darn a letter of termination of my services knocked on my door and since I didnt have any share in the company I had no option but to relinquish my duties. Huge loans that I had obtained from different institutions became a major headache because I had no other reference point of income. Auctioneers became my regular visitors as they frequently knocked on my door to take some(prenominal) was equivalent to the debts I had.A few months that followed found me in the streets d ining with pile I had all along thought I would never confrontation shoulders with. This time it was more degrading because people either laughed or sympathized with my situation. To this day I live yearning for those days when I was the head of trade department at Hill Cage Company.

Respect and Sportsmanship

Every day you go through obstacles that will push back you to raise unfairness, disrespect for others and a sore loser type attitude. For sportsmanship that is average the opposite of its meaning. If you are aware you repoint sportsmanship every day, whether it is playing a friendly crippled of basketball in your backyard or being a part of a school spelling bee. For over a go people around the world learn and show sportsmanship. In the dictionary sportsmanship means one who plays fairly and wins or loses gracefully.To me sportsmanship means a olive-sized more than just being nice after a game to the opposing team. It is the ability to keep composed when a situation arises. To be able to except a loss and non act turn out to make your team look bad. Sportsmanship helps maintain a good anatomy in the competitive world today. Its a value you drive home to have to show respect to your team and other teams. Its your certificate of indebtedness as a competitive person to sho w sportsmen like behavior. international the sports world you show sportsmanship everywhere.Recently I went around asking a duet students what sportsmanship meant to them. Each one give tongue to something different, but they all generally said to show respect whether you win or lose. A great ideal was sportsmanship applies to all disciplines. This one individual stated musically speaking it meant if you are better than your cohorts. You should still open your ears to advice. To encourage people not to knead others down if they do something wrong. Sportsmanship is a kind of style and attitude and it has unequivocal influences on everyone around you. If you win through bad sportsmanship, thats no real victory. Babe Didrikson Zaharias quotes. This is a great quote that really clarifies what sportsmanship is. Yes, pleasant is awesome but it isnt awesome when you disrespect people and show childish behavior. That truly is not a real victory. You should win with passion, competiv eness and drive. If you show sportsmanship by being unfair and not respectful, then you are not showing sportsmanship at all.

Louis XIV and the Greatness of France by Maurice Ashley

For entirely of his foibles and eccentricities, King Louis fourteen of France stands in history as an important and in force(p) leader in seventeenth century France. His impact on the charge of French history is undeniable, and the story of his life and rise to power is riveting to study. One of the pivotal buy the farms on Louis 14 in the demise several decades is Louis XIV and the richness of France by Maurice Ashley. In this book review, Ashleys work will be discussed within the historical context of 17th century France in an effort to better understand Louis XIV and the typography of Ashley himself.Overview of the bailiwickMaurice Ashley, in writing Louis XIV and the Greatness of France created a work that is rich in historical details virtually the life and formula of the man who would vex to be known throughout history as The Sun King (Ashley, 1965), combined with literary techniques and contemporary viewpoints, which will be presented in subsequent portions of thi s review.The work takes a biographical format, beginning literally with the conception of Louis XIV and following the course of his life and monarchy to its conclusion, and ultimately, discussing how France rund onwards after the end of his life and reign. In retrospect, Ashleys book has come to be known as one of the pivotal modern belles-lettres about The Sun King as well as a highly regarded historical record.The Use of Descriptive Language in the WorkInterestingly, Ashley uses vivid descriptive language to bring Louis XIV to life for the lector by describing his physical, emotional and monarchical presence, written in the third person. In doing this, the lecturer is able to relate to Louis XIV as a theatrical role in the drama of French history, rather than just as a statistic or footnote to history. Because of this, one gains additional insight into the psyche of the king, and target better evaluate his decisions and rule.A perfect example of personal information about L ouis XIV comes in the form of a direct mention form deMotterville, one of Louis XIVs contemporaries, when he observes I a good deal noticed with astonishment that in his games and amusements, the king never laughed (Ashley, 1965, p. 11). The text is lavish of such quotes, which make the book more understandable and enjoyable.Central stand of the WorkIf a central theme were to be assigned to Ashleys book, it would be absolute power, or as historians would describe it, Absolutism, which is to say that Louis XIV sought to hold control of all of the government of France, which went against the parliamentary systems that otherwise nations were adopting during this time (Ashley, 1965). The author makes an excellent point when he implies that Louis XIVs rule, which ran contrary to the popular opinion of the world at that time, did not continue despite Frances greatness, but because of it. Not even an autocrat akin Louis XIV could destroy the French empire.Use of Contemporary Viewpoin tsAshley wisely utilize commentary from his contemporaries to add depth to Louis XIV and the Greatness of France. By including modern leaders such as Winston Churchill as part of the book, Ashley modishly brought hundreds of years of history into the modern arena of thought, again helping the reader to better understand Louis XIV in a present-day context.summaryIn closing, what should be noted about Maurice Ashleys Louis XIV and the Greatness of France is that the author wove literary technique and solid facts to create and informative and socialize work that has withstood decades of scrutiny to become one of the pivotal works about this formative period in the history of France.References(Ashley, 1965) (Ashley Maurice 1965 Louis XIV and the Greatness of France)Ashley, Maurice (1965). Louis XIV and the Greatness of France. New York Free Press.