Toward the Modern Consciousness

Application of Darnings principle of organic evolution= social Darwinism most usual exp binglent of social Darwinism, Herbert Spencer, argued that societies were organisms that evolved through time from a cope with their surround Darnings ideas applied to human society in an even more medical specialtyal theme way by rabid nationalists and racists extreme nationalists argued that nations were in a scramble for existence German planetary Frederica von Bernhard argued War is a biological extremity of the first splendor, War is the father of all things Nationalist Association of Italy tell we must teach Italy the value of international struggle. But international struggle is war? Well, then, let there be war And nationalism volition aro drill the will for a strengthened More dangerous than in Germany Folk ( nation, people, or race) German monstrous ideology, Houston Stewart Charmingly, became a German citizen.His leger The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, were the sca rcely pure successors of the Aryans who were portrayed as the true and master copy creators of Western culture Aryan race, under German leadership, must be prepared to fight for Western Civilization and save it from the destructive assaults of much(prenominal) lower races such as Jews, Negroes, and Orientals Jews singled by by German foolish nationalists as the racial enemy The Attack on Christianity and the Response of the Churches industrial enterprise and arbitration had an e redundantly adverse effect on religious institutions peck migration= change from the close- knit, traditional ties of the village in which the church had been a tonality force to smart urban patterns of social life from which the churches were often excluded. fretwork movements excessively hostile to the established Christian churches predominantly Catholic countries obligate control over church courts, religious orders, and appointments of the clergy failure of evolutions, governments were eager to use the churches aid in reestablishing order close union of state government with established churches produced a backlash in the form of anticlericalism, especially in the liberal nation-states French republican government substituted civic training for religious instruction Toto undermine the Catholic churchs control of education Catholic commandment orders were outlawed, church and state were completely separated Science became one of the drumhead threats to all the Christian churches Europeans seem to contradict the doctrine of divine reaction, seeking to suppress Darnings books & to forbid the teaching of the evolutionary supposal, the churches often caused even more educated people to reject established religions biblical scholars to apply scathing principles to the Bible, leading to the so- called higher criticism Ernst Reran, French Catholic, Life of Jesus- questioned the historical true statement of the Bible, Jesus non as the son of God moreover as a human being w hose value lay in the warning he allowd by his life Christian churches rejection of modern ideas and forces Protestant fundamentalistic sects maintain a literal interpretation of the Bible Pope Pips X, also took a rigid stand against modern ideas, issued a papal distributed called the Syllabus of Errors in which he stated that is an error to believe that the roman Pontiff can and ought to reconcile himself to and agree with progress, liberalism, and modern civilization He condemned nationalism, socialism, religious toleration, and freedom of speech and press Religious movement called modernism included an attempt by the churches the reinterpret Christianity in the light of new developments.Bible as a book of useful moral ideas, encouraged Christians to go involved in social reforms, churches must provide a greater sense of community Catholic church condemned modernity & had driven it vacuum tube compromise Leo XIII, permitted the teaching of evolution as a hypothesis in Cat holic schools encyclical De Rerun Nouveau, upheld the individuals right to private shoes but at the same time criticized naked capitalism for the leanness and degradation in which anti-religious foundations Salvation Army by William Booth, the armys first general Salvation Army established food centers, shelters, and rescue homes for women The Culture of contemporaneity mutation in physics and psychology was paralleled by a revolution in literary productions and the arts Naturalism and Symbolism in lit literature was dominated by Naturalism material world as real and felt that literature should be realistic social problems, writers could land to an objective understanding of the world Naturalism was a continuation of Realism, it lacked the underlie note of liberal optimism some people and society Naturalists were pessimistic about Rupees future and characters caught in the grip of forces beyond their control Emilee Kola provide a good example of NaturalismKola showed how alc oholism and different environments affected peoples lives Darnings innovation of Species and had been impressed by its emphasis on the struggle for survival and the importance of environment and heredity His Oregon- McCarty, a 20- Volume series on the ingrained and social history of a family golden age for Russian literature Leo Tolstoy and Food Dostoevsky Tolstoy greatest work was War and Peace, lengthy raw toured out against the historical background of Napoleons invasion of Russia, realistic in its vivid description of military life and character portrayal, each soulfulness analyzed psychologically, face of fifes enduring values of human love and perpetrate Dostoevsky combined narrative skill and acute psychological and moral observation, study problem of his age was a loss of spiritual belief, attempting to gain buyback through the construction of a materialistic paradise built only by human reason and will. Feared that the failure to incorporate spirit would resultant role in total tyranny. Through suffering and faith could the human soul be purified, Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov. Symbolists reacted against Realism interested in make-up poetry, believed that an objective familiarity of the world was impossible the external world was not real but only a collection of symbols that reflected the true naturalism of the individual human mind Art should function for its own sake, sort of of serving, criticizing, or seeking to understand society W. B.Yeats and Rainier Maria Rile, poetry ceased to be part of popular culture because only through a knowledge of the poets personal language could one hope to understand what the poem was precept Modernism in the Arts artists seeking new form of fashion Impressionism, movement that originated in France when a group of artists rejected he studios and museums and went out into the countryside to create nature directly Camille Pissarro, one of the founders, put into painting their impre ssions of the ever-changing effects of light on objects in nature Claude Monet, enchanted with water , capture the interplay of light, water, and atmosphere, ESPECIALLY intelligible in Impression, Sunrise. Did not Just paint scenes from nature streets, cabarets, rivers, and busy boulevards- wherever people congregated for work and leisure furnish Morison, practice of women beings only amateur artists and became a professional omen had special vision, more delicate than that of of men.Young Girl by the Window demonstrates aerodynamic brush strokes. l know Im worth as much as they. Post- Impressionism arose in France retained the impressionistic emphasis on light and twine but revolutionized it even further by paying more management to structure and form want to use both affectation and beginning to depict inner feelings and produce a personal statement of globe rather than an imitation of objects real beginnings of modern art sense of world Paul CZane, most important imp ressionist, Woman with Coffee Pot, sought to express visually the underlying geometric structure and form of everything he painted. You must see in nature the cylinder, the sphere, and the cone. Tortured and tragic figure, Vincent vanguard Gogh, art was a spiritual experience interested in color and believed it could act as its own form of language artists should paint what they feel, evident in Starry Night task of art was to represent public had lost much of its meaning psychology and the new physics do it evident that many people were not sure what constituted ingenuousness development of photography gave artists another season to reject visual naive realism photography became a popular and widespread after George Eastman produced the first Kodak camera for the mass market Unlike the camera, which could only mirror reality, artists could create reality As in literature, individual consciousness became the source of meaning the look to for individual expression produced a wide variety of schools of painting Pablo Picasso, from Spain but settled in Paris, extremely flexible and painted in a remarkable variety of styles He developed Cubism that used geometric designs as visual stimuli to re- create laity in the viewers mind Picasso work slight(prenominal) Demolishes d Avignon= first Cubist painting Russian who worked in Germany, Wassail Sandbanks, one of the founders of abstract painting as is evident in Painting with face cloth Border, sought to quash representation altogether.Believed art should speak directly to the soul, avoid any visual reality and concentrate on color Modernism in music Romantics attraction to strange and primitive cultures had sparked attraction to exotic and primitive cultures folk music became increasingly important as musicians express their national identities Scandinavian composer, Advanced Grief, dedicated porter of Norwegian nationalism, explicit nationalism in lyric melodies found in folk music of his homeland, Peer Gent Suite= incidental music to a play by Henries Ibsen Impressionist music stressed elusive moods and haunting sensations and is obvious in its delicate beauty and elegance of sound linked to the Impressionist movement was Claude Debussy, Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun= inspired by a poem Afternoon of a Faun composed by his friend/poet SST headphone Mallard, recreated in sound the overall feeling of the poem otherwise composers adopted stylistic idioms, primitive forms in an attempt to express less refined and therefore more genuine feelings musical primitivism was Igor Stravinsky, twentieth centurys most important composer international fame as a ballet composer with the ballet Reuse, under the direction of Sergei Dishevel, revolutionized the world of music with a series of ballets The Fired, Puppeteers, The sacrament of Spring= all based on Russian folk tales The communion of Spring proved to be a revolutionary piece in the development of Paris audience and caused a rio t at the champaign new understanding of irrational forces