'Pleurotus spp\r'

'The fungi ar a root word of eukaryotic organisms. Due to their microscopic cellular dimensions, they atomic number 18 of great interest to microbiologists. Multicellular fungi is old(prenominal) to all(prenominal) and e truly one of us. The velvety disconsolate and green growth on rotting o leads and lemons as hale as on stale cheeses, the opaque grey furry outgrowth on clams and Jam, and the pluck clouds in the field. These argon the bodies of a volt-ampereiety of fungi. fungus poovedom be heterotrophic organisms”They need in cerealed compounds for nutrition.The sorting of fungi, unthe homogeneouss of that of bacteria, is based primarily on the hracterstics of the versed spores and proceedsing bodies, present during the familiar stages of their life cycle. However, the sexual spores and fruiting bodies argon fatherd only under trusted environmental conditions, if they are cognise to produce them at twain. genus genus genus genus Pleurotus is a gen us of gilled picks which includes one of the nearly widely eaten culls. Species of genus Pleurotus whitethorn be called oyesters, ear-shell or tree mush way of lifes and are some of the roughly usually courteous edible picks in the world.They give been truly much useful in mycoremediation of pollutants much(prenominal) as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic ydrocarbons. The name pleurotus has been derived from the greek word pleure (side) + otos (ear) which means â€Å"Side spike”. The following are the details of Pleurotus Genus scientific classification: l. The kingdom of pleurotus is Fungi, II. Phylum is basidiomycota, Ill. class is Agaricomycetes ‘V. stray is agaricales V. Family is pleurotaceae The basic structure of gather cull includes a capwhich may be laterally abandoned (with no block).If there is a stem, it is normally curious and the gills are extended downward a yearn it. The enclosure pleurotoid is used for culls having this eneral purp oseus. There are certain cylindric spores which are undisturbed and elongated. Where hyphae meet, they are Joined by clamp connections. Pleurotus is non considered to be a bracket fungus and most of the species are monomitic (with a sluttish consistency). Pleurotus Ostreatus Specifications Scientific name: Pleurotus ostreatus Oacq. ) P. Kumm. line of name: Ostre- means â€Å" collect” and atus means â€Å"resembling. ” Synonyms: genus genus Agaricus ostreatus Jacq.Common name(s): Oyster mushroom. Phylum: Basidiomycota Order: Agaricales Family: Pleurotaceae accompaniment on wood substratum: Saprobic or parasitic; olitary to more typically in everyplacelap clusters on living or dead well-favoured-leaved trees, on rotting logs and dumb embeds, some cartridge holders on conifers; April all the way through November, year-round during mild periods. Dimensions: Caps 5-20 or more cm wide; stipes 0. 5-4 cm long and 0. 5- 3. 5 cm thick. Stripes may be absent. Cap: Moist or dry; smooth; volt-ampereiable in color: whitish to cream, grey-headed to brown, some with lilac tones; garner shell- shaped to fan-shaped or semicircular.Gills: Decurrent or glowing from point of attachment; broad; whitish, yellowish in age. Spore print: White to brainsick lilac-gray. Stipe: Sometimes absent or rudimentary. If present, lateral to reference or even central if fruitbodies are on direct of a log or stump; whitish; hairy at base. Veil: Absent. edibility: Edible, esteemd as choice. The gather and abalone mushrooms belong to the genus pleurotus. They grow a high school saprophyte colonizing ability and tummy grow on virtually any awkward waste. They rank among the top six mushrooms produced in the world.It should be noted that the availability of a good line of products of mushrooms, suitable substratum for farming and learn of saprophytic and parasitic microorganisms are the three most meaning(a) spects for mushroom cultivation. The world t a nele for this genus was 169,000 tons in 1986. The consumption and production of edible mushrooms in growth countries con represent occurred for many years. There has been a high upsurge of interest in cultivation of this mushroom in the run short decade. Because of their spicy flavour and their aesculapian lay outs in dropping plasma cholesterol, mushrooms are widely consumed in Europe, the U.S. A and Japan. Many of the fleshy sporocarp species of the many acomycetes and basidiomycetes can safely be eaten plot of land only a a couple of(prenominal) poisonous species of the fleshy fungi can be frame . However more than one honey oil mushrooms are known, about one hundred mushrooms are edible and only a few are considered of a commercial value. Pleurotus ostreatus is intercoursely free to grow. A few trials to produce the mycelium of oyster mushrooms in Egypt exploitation some agro industrial wastes were only latterly carried out. The goal of this work was to interpret the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp. emphasizing the effect of several(predicate) media and organic substrates on production. plucks of Pleurotus spp. are commonly known as oyster mushrooms which occupy the second osition among complaisant edible mushrooms worldwide callable to their nutritional values. They are widely cultivated all over the world. Its production is remarkably abnormal by the environmental conditions like temperature and congenator humidity. In this study, we investigated the production of four species of oyster mushroom: 1 . ) Pleurotus ostreatus 2. ) P. florida 3. ) P. aJor-caJu and 4. ) p. High king Cultivated in every season( January to December) in Bangladesh. The temperature (in C) and relative humidity (%RH) ot culture house in each month, and parameters ot ushroom production were enter. In all of the selective study of this species, the minimum age required for primordial initiation, and the tip number of fruiting bodies, biologic try and biologic force were found during December to February (14-27 oc, 70-80% RH). The production was found minimum during the cultivated time August to October.We suggested cultivation of selected Pleurotus spp. in winter (temperature zone 14-27 oc with relative humidity for better production and biologic readiness. The environmental factor is very important for the production of oyster mushrooms. Various mushrooms are known to be very sensitive to the climatic conditions. The major environmental factors like temperature, humidity, sweet-flavored air and compact materials affect in mushroom production. Pleurotus spp. grows in wide range of temperature (15-30 oc) which similarly varies from species to species.Oyster mushrooms Pleurotus spp. draw their nutritional urgency from a host substrate or from the coarse wastes rich in lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses used for their cultivation. Due to varying nutrients in the substrates, different mushroom bribes have been rec orded by various workers. Oyster mushrooms are self-aggrandising from mycelium (threadlike filaments that become interwoven) propagated on a base of steam-sterilized cereal grass grain (usually rye or millet). This cereal grain/mycelium mixture is called cause and is used to source mush-room substrate.Most multiply is made with mycelium from a stored culture, earlier than mycelium whose parent was a spore. This is because spores are likely to collapse a forward-looking strain and per trackance would be unpredictable. Spawn-making is a rather complex task and not feasible for the public mushroom grower. Spawn of various oyster mushroom species may be urchased from com-mercial spawn makers who usually depict instructions for its use. Spawn frequently is shipped from the manufacturer to growers in the same aseptic containers used for spawn production.Inoculum for spawn production is frequently produced in polyethylene bags containing a micro porous breather strip for assail exchange. Most commercial spawn production companies produce spawn only from inoculums that has met strict quality subordination standards. These standards include verification of inoculums production performance in the lead it is used to produce spawn and assurance of the spawns biological purity and vigour So ariable in size, shape and colour are the many kinds of oyster mushroom that confident recognition of some species is tricky without resorting to microscopic analysis.The process is not helped by the fruiting habit of many Pleurotusspecies that seem to de fresh in rising beyond reach, sometimes high up in the crowns of trees. For the most part the various oyster mushrooms are saprophytic on deciduous trees, and only very rarely are they found on conifers. scattering Pleurotus ostreatus, the Oyster Mushroom, occurs throughout Britain and Ireland as well as in most parts of mainland Europe. It is in any case widely distri plainlyed throughout much of Asia, including Japan, and is present in parts of North America.Several similar species within the Pleurotus genus are very much confused, and so distribution info for individual species in this complex group are inevitably subject to some uncertainty. Taxonomic account The Oyster Mushroom was first-class honours degree described scientifically in 1775 by Dutch earthyist Nikolaus Joseph Freinerr von Jacquin 7) and named Agaricus ostreatus. (In the early days of fungus taxonomy most of the gilled mushrooms were interconnected in the genus Agaricus. ) In 1871 German mycologist Paul Kummer transferred theOyster Mushroom to the genus Pleurotus (a new genus that Kummer himself had defined in 1971), giving it its currently accepted scientific name. Synonyms of Pleurotus ostreatus includeAgaricus ostreatus Jacq. , Crepidopus ostreatusoacq. ) Gray, and Pleurotus columbinus Quel. The blue-grey-capped form of this mushroom is referred to by some governing as Pleurotus ostreatus var. columbinus (Quel) Quel. E tymology The generic name Pleurotus is Latin for ‘side ear and refers to the lateral attachment of the stem;ostreatus is a reference to oysters, and in shape the fruitbodies often do esemble oyster shells.The specimens learnn on this page show Just how changeable Oyster Mushrooms can be †not only in colour and form but also in their growing habitat. From the top: on a dead Beech carcass; next on a standing stand firm (but surely dying) Cabbage Palm; and at last on a dead branch impoverished fallen from an old Ash tree. Importance of normality sources for the growth of pleurotus spp. :- i) Nitrogen is an essential division for cellular functions, for growth and various metabolic activities, especially protein and enzyme synthesis. i) The normality limit of mycelium ranges between 3-6%. i) Cereal stubble used for cultivation of oyster mushroom is a poor source of north (0. 5 to 0. 8%) and at the time of fructification when most of the nitrogen is employ for myceli a growth, the depleted nitrogen in the substrate becomes myopic and limits mushroom yield. ‘v) In the present studies seven conglomerate nitrogen sources : wheat bran, strain bran, soya loft floor, de-oiled soya bean repast, chinese mustard taproom, cotton plant wool plant semened player legal profession and cotton generator repast were evaluated for their effect on mushroom yield. v) cotton informant spread over and de-oiled soya bean meal gave significantly high yield than un appended bags.Review of literature : The oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp is a saprophytic fungus commercially cultivated throughout the world because of its tasty basidiocarp and simple cultivation technology. It is also one of the choicest white rot fungi for explore scientists to investigate. Pleurotus spps lignocellulolytic enzymes for bioremediation (Arisoy and Kalan Kayan 1997, Walter et. al. 1997), its flavour compounds, (Mau et. al. 1998), its synthesis of diterpene and polysaccha ride (Gutirrez et. al. 1996) and its natural pigment pointlessction (Shirata and Kato 1998) make it a promising subject for study.Oyster mushrooms are mainly cultivated on residues from agri cultural crops much(prenominal) as wheat, paddy, cotton, sugar lecture or soja bean (Sohi and Upadhyay 1989, Savalgi and Savalgi 1994). Pleurotus spp also have the potential to mineralize and grow on industrial wastes such as tea (Upadhyay et. al. 1996), apple pomace (Upadhyay and Sohi 1988) or non-conventional substrates containing lignin, cellulose or hemicellulose such as dried Populus leaves. (Upadhyay and Verma 2000). These residues are low (0. 5 to 0. 8%) in nitrogen content. Several workers have describe varying fresh oyster mushroom yields using crop residues (Sohi and Upadhyay 1987,Madan et. al. 1987). The variations may be due to the nutrient status of the substrate used for cultivation. The production of oyster mushrooms after the first flush is drastically reduced and there is a tlusn break ot 10 to 20 days depending upon the species of oyster mushroom. The yield turn down could be due to either depletion of nutrients or accumulation of toxic substances uncomplimentary to fruiting. In Agaricus bisporus, increased yields have been inform by supplementing with various proteins, carbohydrate or oil rich supplements like soya meal, cotton set meal, alfalfa meal or lemon gluten meal.Sinder and Schisler 1962, Gerrits 1983). In the present studies seven different organic nitrogenous materials were evaluated to find out their effect on yield. The beaver substrates were advertize evaluated for their optimal dose with maximum yield. Materials and Methods Prewetted chop up wheat stubble (2-3cm) was intricate with calcium sulphate (4% w/w) and carbendazim 50% w. p. (1 5g/quintal) and a rectangular bundle prepared. It was given two turnings on alternate days for four days so that the temperature did not give more than 600C during fermentation.After four days, the partially fermented traw was pasteurized in a tunnel at 700C for 6h and subsequently knowledgeable at 450C for 36h. Supplements (wheat bran, rice bran, cotton seed meal, cotton seed cake, soja bean meal, de-oiled soybean cake and mustard cake) were separately treated in a rejoinder of carbendazim (100ppm) for 16h. The rate of adding up of all the supplements was 5% (dry wt. ) invite out wheat and rice bran (10%). Treated supplements were thoroughly mixed at the time of spawning with pasteurized angry walk. Twenty-day-old spawn of P. ostratuas var florida was added at a 3% wet wt.Five kg spawned substrate was filled into 45x30cm polyethelene bags with 10 holes (5mm ia. ). Each supplement had six replications. Spawned bags were incubated in a dark cropping room (temp. 13-18C). Colonized bags were opened after 25 days. A relative humidity of 70-75% was maintained by crop-dusting water twice a day; 6-8h light was provided with fluorescent tubes; and carbon dioxide concen tration was maintained at 700-780 ppm in the cropping room. Mushrooms were harvested daily before spraying and information were recorded. Biological efficiency (BE) was planned on the foot of fresh mushrooms from 100 kg dry substrate weight.In the second experiment, cotton seed cake and de-oiled soybean cake were further evaluated r their effective optimum dose. The supplements were treated as before, at a rate of 1, 2. 5, 5, 7. 5 and 10% substrate dry weight. flurry 1. motion of organic supplements to wheat shuck on fresh mushroom yield of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida in 60 days. S. No. Substrate + Supplements number Yield (kg) per kg substrate Biological efficiency (BE) (%) Percent increase (+) or decrease (-) from control stalk straw + wheat bran (10%) 0. 860 86. 0 +20. 6 stalk straw + rice bran (10%) 0. 838 83. 8 +17. 5 3.Wheat straw + cotton seed cake (5%) 0. 946 94. 6 -12. 2 4. Wheat straw + cotton seed meal (5%) 0. 46 64. 6 5. Wheat straw + soybean meal (5%) 0. 732 73. 2 2. 6 6. Wheat straw + de-oiled soybean cake (5%) 0. 928 92. 8 +30. 1 7. Wheat straw + mustard cake (5%) 0. 532 53. 2 -25. 3 8. Wheat straw (control) 0. 713 71 . 3 CD at 0. 21 1 postpone 2. Effect of different doses of de-oiled soybean cake on fresh mushroom yield and dry way out of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida. S. NO. Rate of addendum (Dry wt. ) % increase over control % dry take content in beginning(a) and 2nd tlusnes Wheat straw 1% soybean 92. +21 9. 85 10. 04 2. 2. 5% soybean 84. 8 +11. 57 9. 45 10. 0 5% soybean 84. 5 +11. 18 10. 29 10. 25 7. % soybean 87. 8 +1 5. 52 8. 8 9. 75 10. 0% soybean 83. 2 +8. 15 9. 3 10. 55 76. 0 6. 9 The dry event content of mushrooms harvested from both the supplements at different doses are shown in set back 2 and Table 3. Soybean supplementation mainly yielded heavier mushrooms in the first flush than cotton seed cake supplementation. Maximum dry discipline content was recorded from bags supplemented with 5% de-oiled soybean cake and further increase in supplementation did not yield heavier mushrooms.In cotton seed cake, the heaviest mushroom truit bodies were observed with 0% dose in the first tlusn, while in the econd flush, the lowest rate of application gave the heaviest mushrooms. The dry matter content in the second flush was loosely more than the first flush for both the supplements. interestingly the spore print colour of the mushrooms from 10% soybean was a creamy yellow. The nutritional analysis of mushrooms attain from different supplements is under investigation. The increment of cotton seed cake gave the maximum yield increase (+47. 7%) while soybean cake gave heavier mushroom fruit bodies than cotton seed cake.The use of supplementation increased the substrate temperature (Figurel and Figure 2) from the fourth day onwards to the ixteenth day. Bags with de-oiled soybean cakes showed a mounting in temperature from 3 to 90C over room temperature and 3 to 50C over unsupplemented bag temperature. Cotton seed cake addition showed less temperature rise compared with similar doses of soybean cake. The utmost rise in temperature was between the fourth day and the ninth day. Table-3: Effect of different doses of cotton seed cake on fresh mushroom yield and dry matter of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida.Substrate used Biological faculty (%) % Dry matter content in 1st and 2nd flush Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 1% 90. 4 +18. 94 7. 3 10. 5 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 2. 5% 100. 3 +31 . 97 8. 1 9. 82 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 5. 0% 112. 0 +47. 36 7. 8 9. 49 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 7. 5% 105. 3 8. 0 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 10% 112. 3 +47. 7 9. 01 9. 0 9. 28 CDat5% DISCUSSION Although commercial cultivation of oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp started very late compared to Agericus bisporus (1650 A. D. ), Lentinula edodes (1100 A. D. and genus Auricularia spp (600 A. D. ), it occupies the third place in the world among the cultivated mushrooms. Successful cultivati on of oyster mushroom using cereal straw was reported in 1962 by Bano and Srivastava from India. Still, it is not widely cultivated due to unreconciled yields. The fresh mushroom yield or biological efficiency of a species is directly related to strain, substrate nutrition and growth conditions. Sustainable oyster mushroom production can be achieved by employing cultural practices which optimize and integrate nutrient management.Agricultural residues used for oyster mushroom farming provide most of the nutrients and vitamins for growth. degree Celsius is readily available from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from straw, but nitrogen occurs broadly speaking in a bound form and is not available until it is enzymatically released. Various workers have also reported that Pleurotus spp have the capability to fix atmospherical nitrogen (Rangaswamy et. al. 1975, Jandaik and Rangad 1977) but this has not been proved conclusively. In the cultivation of A. isporus the addition of prote in rich supplements is a common practice, which indicates that either the convert is deficient in nitrogen or the bacterial proteins present in the compost are inadequate.Rinker (1989) found 37 and 42. 6% more fare yield in P. ostreatus from supplementation with barley straw with brewers grain and 17, 27, 65 and 118% more yield by addition of alfalfa hay at 5, 10, 20 and 40% (dry wt. basis). He also found that supplementation prior to pasteurization increased the total yield, but mushroom size was negatively affected with increased supplementation. In our studies we have not found any significant effect on mushroom size. Influence of supplementation is also species and strain-specific.Somycel 3200 reacted poorly to alfalfa meal and negatively to chicken manure, and Somycel 3001 reacted positively to rice bran and alfalfa meal at the time of pick (Visscher 1989). Upadhyay and Vijay (1989) also observed cotton seed meal as better supplement for P. fossulatus and rice bran for P. o streatus. subjoining is absolutely necessary for getting fructification is some strains of P. eryngii (Royse 1999, Upadhyay and Vijay 1991). With supplementation came a rise in substrate temperature, perchance due to faster metabolic activities riggered by extra nitrogen.Royse and Schisler (1986) also observed overheating (from 300C to 470C) in bags where Spawnmate was employ without benomyl treatment, and proposed that it could be due to the growth of competitor moulds. GurJar and Doshi (1995) did not find any effect on yield of P. cornucopiae with 5 and 7. 5% addition of soybean meal in wheat straw and assumed this could be due to a rise in temperature. We place increases in the temperature of beds from 5 to 90C over room temperature. Therefore, supplements should be cautiously used, because excessive bed temperature (more than 350C) may violent death the mycelium.OverstiJns (1995) observed an increase of 19% in mushrooms with the addition of only 0. 5% corn steep strong dri nk and recorded a rise in temperature from 0. 3, 1. 4 and 2. 30C with the addition of only 0. 5, 1 and 2% corn steep liquor. Higher supplement doses gave even high temperatures, which were harmful and attracted growth of Coprinus sp (Guna segaran and Graham 1987). In A. bisporus, the addition of formaldehyde-pretreated 1 and 2% cotton seed meal and soybean meal at the time of casing produced 20 and 30% higher yields respectively, but higher doses of supplement attracted a lot of defilement (Gupta and Vijay 1992).Supplementation has also been found to facilitate higher mushroom yield in other mushrooms such as Agrocybe aegerita and L. edodes (Zadrazil 1994, Jong 1989). Higher supplementation (3 to 4% w/w) of NPK in rice husk, melon husk and coconut fruit fibers did not give either mycelium growth or basidiocarp from the tubers of P. tuberregium (Isikhuemhen and Okhuoya 1998). Supplementation with de-oiled soybean and cotton seed cake not only gave higher biological efficiency but t he fruit bodies were significantly heavier than in unsupplemented bags.\r\n'